Module 2: Pregnancy Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
first phase in first trimester
A
embryonic phase
2
Q
phase of the 2nd and 3rd tri
A
fetal phase
3
Q
embryonic tissues
A
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
4
Q
ectoderm
A
outer layer formed in 2nd week
5
Q
mesoderm
A
middle layer formed in third week
6
Q
endoderm
A
inner layer formed in second week
7
Q
ectoderm forms the…
A
spinal cord
8
Q
mesoderm forms the…
A
heart
9
Q
endoderm forms the…
A
bladder and urethra
10
Q
chorion
A
precursor to placenta
11
Q
amnion
A
precursor to amniotic sac
12
Q
what 3 things occur during the first 3 weeks of pregnancy?
A
- embryo implants into endometrium
- foetal membranes become chorion and amnion
- placental function begins
13
Q
fetal phase is characterised by
A
rapid growth in the size of the fetus
14
Q
what does the fetus look like at the end of the 2nd trimester?
A
resembles a small baby with wrinkled, red and transparent skin. layer of vernix caseosa and lanugo
15
Q
vernix caseosa
A
white cheesy substance covering the baby’s skin
16
Q
lanuga
A
fine hair covering baby
17
Q
when is fetal movement felt?
A
17-20 wks
18
Q
size of baby at end of 2nd tri
A
50cm, 3.2-3.4kg
19
Q
during pregnancy, the mother’s blood flow is increased by what?
A
1/3
20
Q
what two factors increase (oxygen)
A
cardiac output and respiratory rate
21
Q
the heartbeat is audible by fetoscope at?
A
20wks
22
Q
what b vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects?
A
folic acid
23
Q
fetal feces
A
not normally excreted until after birth, formed in intestine after swallowing amniotic fluid
24
Q
poor oxygenation in the third trimester can result in ?
A
relaxation of baby’s anal sphincter leading to feces in the amniotic fluid, indicating fetal distress
25
when is urine excreted in the amniotic fluid?
when kidneys mature around 16-20 weeks
26
what can disturb the baby's temperature?
spas, saunas, illness, leading to birth defects
27
what are teratogens?
agents that are harmful to the baby
28
smoking, drugs and alcohol can cause?
preterm labour, miscarriage, low birth weight, SIDS, learning disorders and birth defects
29
the uterus changes from being the size of the fist to filling the entire pelvic cavity by how many weeks?
16
30
as the pregnancy progresses, how does the mother's anatomy change?
abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, pressure on the thoracic cavity causes the ribs to flare and the thorax to widen
31
what is lordosis?
accentuated lumbar curvature due to increased weight in the abdomen
32
relaxin
hormone produced by the uterus to prepare the birth canal for labour by relaxing the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis
33
gastrointestinal physiological changes
nausea, heartburn, constipation
34
why do pregnant women experience nausea?
as their body systems adjust to elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen
35
why do pregnant women experience heartburn?
displacement of esophagus, crowding of the stomach > reflux of stomach acid into esophagus
36
why do pregnant women experience constipation?
reduced motility in the digestive tract
37
urinary system
kidneys produce more urine to dispose/process of fetal metabolic wastes
38
nasal mucosa
becomes swollen in congested due to estrogen > causes stuffiness and nose bleeds
39
dyspnea in pregnancy
difficult breathing due to decline in residual volume
40
what is residual volume
air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
41
the most dramatic changes during pregnancy occur in what system?
cardiovascular
42
what happens to water, blood volume and pressure?
they increase
43
what does blood volume during pregnancy increase by and what does this prevent?
25-40%
| blood loss during birth
44
cardiac output is increased by what due to BP and HR
20-40%
45
what does increased cardiac output help to do?
propel more blood around the body
46
why might a pregnant woman experience varicose veins or swollen ankles/feet?
venous return from lower limbs reduced due to pressure on pelvic blood vessels
47
childbirth is also called?
parturition
48
what happens in the blood during the last few weeks of pregnancy?
estrogens reach their highest levels
49
the increase in estrogen during the last few weeks of pregnancy results in what?
oxytocin receptors formed in the myometrium > braxton hicks contractions
50
which two chemical signals cause real contractions?
oxytocin produced stimulates release of prostaglandins
51
emotional and physical stresses in the final weeks of pregnancy cause what?
activation of the hypothalamus signalling release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary
52
positive feedback mechanism of the hypothalamus
stronger contractions cause release of more oxytocin, causing even more vigorous contractions
53
antiprostaglandin drugs such as ____ will do what?
aspirin and ibuprofen
| inhibit labour as both are needed for labour to initiate
54
4 stages of labour
dilation, expulsion, placental, postnatal
55
dilation stage of labour
time from the start of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated
56
how long does dilation usually last?
6-12+ hours
57
what occurs with contractions during dilation?
each contraction forces the infant's head against the cervix, causing it to efface and dilate
58
expulsion stage of labour
period from full dilation to delivery
59
how long does the expulsion stage take?
50 minutes in a first birth, 20 minutes in subsequent births but as long as 2 hours
60
head first position
vertex
61
when is the placenta delivered
within 15 minutes of the birth
62
what may be administered to ease the delivery of the placenta?
synthetic oxytocin
63
postnatal period
1-2 hours after birth
64
anatomy of sperm
head, acrosome, midbody, tail
65
which hormone causes ovulation
lutenising hormone (LH)
66
FSH (produced by and targeting what)
follicle stimulating hormone produced by anterior pituitary targeting the ovaries and testes
67
lutenising hormone
anterior pituitary targeting ovaries and testes
68
health promotion in pregnancy allows women to?
make informed health decisions affecting her pregnancy outcome
69
3 important nutrients during pregnancy
folate, iron, calcium
70
perinatal mental health
mental health during pregnancy and for the first year after irth
71
stats of antenatal depression
1/10
72
antenatal depression
depression during pregnancy
73
postnatal depression stats
1/6 women 1/10 men
74
baby blues
affecting 80% of new mothers, experienced 3-5 days post birth and lasting for a few days
75
which screening is used for antenatal and postnatal depression?
edinburgh postnatal depression scale
76
treatment for postnatal depression
psychological therapy, medication, hospital admission
77
stat of maternal rescusitation
1 in 30,000
81
Where is relaxin produced?
Ovary, placenta, breast, prostate
82
What does relaxin target?
Smooth muscle, connective and cardiac tissue cells
83
When is relaxin released?
During ovulation and throughout pregnancy
84
What effect does relaxin have on sperm?
It increases their mobility
85
Where is oxytocin produced?
Hypothalamus
86
Which organs does oxytocin target?
Uterus and breast tissue
87
What does oxytocin do?
Cause uterine contractions and helps with lactation
88
What produces prolactin?
Anterior pituitary
89
What does prolactin target?
Breast tissue
90
What kind of hormone is prolactin and what does it stimulate?
Protein hormone stimulating milk production
91
What does FSH stimulate
Production of ova and sperm
