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Person & Family Centred Care > Module 2: Pregnancy > Flashcards

Module 2: Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

first phase in first trimester

A

embryonic phase

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2
Q

phase of the 2nd and 3rd tri

A

fetal phase

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3
Q

embryonic tissues

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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4
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer formed in 2nd week

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5
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer formed in third week

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6
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer formed in second week

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7
Q

ectoderm forms the…

A

spinal cord

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8
Q

mesoderm forms the…

A

heart

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9
Q

endoderm forms the…

A

bladder and urethra

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10
Q

chorion

A

precursor to placenta

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11
Q

amnion

A

precursor to amniotic sac

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12
Q

what 3 things occur during the first 3 weeks of pregnancy?

A
  • embryo implants into endometrium
  • foetal membranes become chorion and amnion
  • placental function begins
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13
Q

fetal phase is characterised by

A

rapid growth in the size of the fetus

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14
Q

what does the fetus look like at the end of the 2nd trimester?

A

resembles a small baby with wrinkled, red and transparent skin. layer of vernix caseosa and lanugo

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15
Q

vernix caseosa

A

white cheesy substance covering the baby’s skin

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16
Q

lanuga

A

fine hair covering baby

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17
Q

when is fetal movement felt?

A

17-20 wks

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18
Q

size of baby at end of 2nd tri

A

50cm, 3.2-3.4kg

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19
Q

during pregnancy, the mother’s blood flow is increased by what?

A

1/3

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20
Q

what two factors increase (oxygen)

A

cardiac output and respiratory rate

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21
Q

the heartbeat is audible by fetoscope at?

A

20wks

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22
Q

what b vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects?

A

folic acid

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23
Q

fetal feces

A

not normally excreted until after birth, formed in intestine after swallowing amniotic fluid

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24
Q

poor oxygenation in the third trimester can result in ?

A

relaxation of baby’s anal sphincter leading to feces in the amniotic fluid, indicating fetal distress

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25
Q

when is urine excreted in the amniotic fluid?

A

when kidneys mature around 16-20 weeks

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26
Q

what can disturb the baby’s temperature?

A

spas, saunas, illness, leading to birth defects

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27
Q

what are teratogens?

A

agents that are harmful to the baby

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28
Q

smoking, drugs and alcohol can cause?

A

preterm labour, miscarriage, low birth weight, SIDS, learning disorders and birth defects

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29
Q

the uterus changes from being the size of the fist to filling the entire pelvic cavity by how many weeks?

A

16

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30
Q

as the pregnancy progresses, how does the mother’s anatomy change?

A

abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, pressure on the thoracic cavity causes the ribs to flare and the thorax to widen

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31
Q

what is lordosis?

A

accentuated lumbar curvature due to increased weight in the abdomen

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32
Q

relaxin

A

hormone produced by the uterus to prepare the birth canal for labour by relaxing the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

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33
Q

gastrointestinal physiological changes

A

nausea, heartburn, constipation

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34
Q

why do pregnant women experience nausea?

A

as their body systems adjust to elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen

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35
Q

why do pregnant women experience heartburn?

A

displacement of esophagus, crowding of the stomach > reflux of stomach acid into esophagus

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36
Q

why do pregnant women experience constipation?

A

reduced motility in the digestive tract

37
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys produce more urine to dispose/process of fetal metabolic wastes

38
Q

nasal mucosa

A

becomes swollen in congested due to estrogen > causes stuffiness and nose bleeds

39
Q

dyspnea in pregnancy

A

difficult breathing due to decline in residual volume

40
Q

what is residual volume

A

air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

41
Q

the most dramatic changes during pregnancy occur in what system?

A

cardiovascular

42
Q

what happens to water, blood volume and pressure?

A

they increase

43
Q

what does blood volume during pregnancy increase by and what does this prevent?

A

25-40%

blood loss during birth

44
Q

cardiac output is increased by what due to BP and HR

A

20-40%

45
Q

what does increased cardiac output help to do?

A

propel more blood around the body

46
Q

why might a pregnant woman experience varicose veins or swollen ankles/feet?

A

venous return from lower limbs reduced due to pressure on pelvic blood vessels

47
Q

childbirth is also called?

A

parturition

48
Q

what happens in the blood during the last few weeks of pregnancy?

A

estrogens reach their highest levels

49
Q

the increase in estrogen during the last few weeks of pregnancy results in what?

A

oxytocin receptors formed in the myometrium > braxton hicks contractions

50
Q

which two chemical signals cause real contractions?

A

oxytocin produced stimulates release of prostaglandins

51
Q

emotional and physical stresses in the final weeks of pregnancy cause what?

A

activation of the hypothalamus signalling release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary

52
Q

positive feedback mechanism of the hypothalamus

A

stronger contractions cause release of more oxytocin, causing even more vigorous contractions

53
Q

antiprostaglandin drugs such as ____ will do what?

A

aspirin and ibuprofen

inhibit labour as both are needed for labour to initiate

54
Q

4 stages of labour

A

dilation, expulsion, placental, postnatal

55
Q

dilation stage of labour

A

time from the start of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated

56
Q

how long does dilation usually last?

A

6-12+ hours

57
Q

what occurs with contractions during dilation?

A

each contraction forces the infant’s head against the cervix, causing it to efface and dilate

58
Q

expulsion stage of labour

A

period from full dilation to delivery

59
Q

how long does the expulsion stage take?

A

50 minutes in a first birth, 20 minutes in subsequent births but as long as 2 hours

60
Q

head first position

A

vertex

61
Q

when is the placenta delivered

A

within 15 minutes of the birth

62
Q

what may be administered to ease the delivery of the placenta?

A

synthetic oxytocin

63
Q

postnatal period

A

1-2 hours after birth

64
Q

anatomy of sperm

A

head, acrosome, midbody, tail

65
Q

which hormone causes ovulation

A

lutenising hormone (LH)

66
Q

FSH (produced by and targeting what)

A

follicle stimulating hormone produced by anterior pituitary targeting the ovaries and testes

67
Q

lutenising hormone

A

anterior pituitary targeting ovaries and testes

68
Q

health promotion in pregnancy allows women to?

A

make informed health decisions affecting her pregnancy outcome

69
Q

3 important nutrients during pregnancy

A

folate, iron, calcium

70
Q

perinatal mental health

A

mental health during pregnancy and for the first year after irth

71
Q

stats of antenatal depression

A

1/10

72
Q

antenatal depression

A

depression during pregnancy

73
Q

postnatal depression stats

A

1/6 women 1/10 men

74
Q

baby blues

A

affecting 80% of new mothers, experienced 3-5 days post birth and lasting for a few days

75
Q

which screening is used for antenatal and postnatal depression?

A

edinburgh postnatal depression scale

76
Q

treatment for postnatal depression

A

psychological therapy, medication, hospital admission

77
Q

stat of maternal rescusitation

A

1 in 30,000

81
Q

Where is relaxin produced?

A

Ovary, placenta, breast, prostate

82
Q

What does relaxin target?

A

Smooth muscle, connective and cardiac tissue cells

83
Q

When is relaxin released?

A

During ovulation and throughout pregnancy

84
Q

What effect does relaxin have on sperm?

A

It increases their mobility

85
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Which organs does oxytocin target?

A

Uterus and breast tissue

87
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Cause uterine contractions and helps with lactation

88
Q

What produces prolactin?

A

Anterior pituitary

89
Q

What does prolactin target?

A

Breast tissue

90
Q

What kind of hormone is prolactin and what does it stimulate?

A

Protein hormone stimulating milk production

91
Q

What does FSH stimulate

A

Production of ova and sperm

Person & Family Centred Care (8 decks)

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