Module 2 Practice Questions and Key Terms Flashcards
plasma membrane
Selectively permeable membrane (allows only certain substances through) made of phospholipids and proteins surrounding the entire cell
ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF THE CELL!
cytoplasm
Gel-like fluid filling the inside of the cell that is comprised primarily of water, with electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients dissolved within it
MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS
nucleus
Large, spherical body near the center of the cell containing genetic material in the form of DNA
CONTROL CENTER OF CELL, REGULATES CELL ACTIVITY
nuclear membrane
Double-layered, porous membrane surrounding the nucleus
PROTECTS THE NUCELUS, ONLY ALLOWS SPECIFIC MATERIAL
nucleolus
Dark, dense body within the nucleus without an enclosing membrane; most cells contain one to four
FORMS DNA & RIBOSOMES
mitochondria
Elongated, rod-shaped bodies filled with fluid, containing DNA
CONVERTS NUTRIENTS INTO ENERGY FOR BODY, POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!
ribosomes
Small granules of RNA found in the nucleolus or cytoplasm
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Complex connection of membranous fluid-filled, flat sacs and tubular channels that connects the cell membrane to nucleus membrane.
TRANSPORTS MATERIAL THROUGHOUT CELL
rough endoplasmic reticulum
supports the synthesis & transport of proteins
soft endoplasmic reticulum
supports the synthesis of some lipid molecules, including steroids
golgi apparatus
Four to six flat membranous sacs, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; typically found near the nucleus and forms lysosomes within cell
“PACKAGING AND SHIPPPING PLANT” OF CELL
lysosomes
Sacs surrounded by membranes created by the Golgi apparatus
DIGESTS WASTE MATERIAL (INCLUDING DAMAGED MATERIAL)
cytoskeleton
Comprised of protein microfilaments and microtubules
MAINTAINS SHAPE & STRUCTURE OF CELL
centrioles
Pair of rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules found near the nucleus
DISTRIBUTES DNA TO NEW CELLS (cell reproduction)
cilia
Short, hair-like microtubules projecting from the cell membrane
MOVES SUBSTANCES ALONG SURFACE OF CELL
flagella
Long, hair-like microtubules, projecting from the cell membrane
MOVE THE CELL THROUGH A “WHIP-LIKE MOTION”
Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for transporting materials throughout the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum
sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right sides
midsagittal plane
equal division of left & right sides, running along the midline of the body
transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower sections, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE EQUAL
frontal plane (coronal)
divides the body into anterior & posterior sections
cranial cavity
within the SKULL, houses the meninges (brain)
spinal cavity
traveling down the midline of the back and formed by the vertebrae, contains the spinal cord
thoracic cavity
within the CHEST, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels
abdominal cavity
within the ABDOMEN, houses organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines
pelvic cavity
inferior to abdominal cavity, houses bladder & reproductive organs
homeostasis
state in which the body systems and biological processes maintain stability
What is the function of skin?
responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production
epidermis layer
outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body
dermis layer
thick layer beneath the dermis containing arteries, veins, and nerves
subcutaneous layer
loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue & lipocytes
hair follicles
generate hair
sebaceous glands
produce sebum to keep hair soft & prevent bacteria from growing on skin
fingernails & toenails
protects the ends of fingers & toes
sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to cool the body down
What is the largest organ in the body?
skin
How many bones does the axial skeleton have?
made up of 80 bones
How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?
made up of 126 bones
ligament
connects bone to bone for joint stability
tendons
connects muscle to bone to help to move extremities
connective tissue
maintains, protects, and gives form to other tissue and organs
cartilage
part of connective tissue found in the larynx and respiratory tract and also protects the ends of long bones
long bones
these bones have epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow. The ends of long bones are covered by articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction.
short bones
found in the wrists and ankles, usually are small and round bones
flat bones
majority of surface area of these bones are flat or slightly curved.
irregular bones
includes bones with an unusual shape that is typically related to its function.
sesamoid bones
small, round bones are found in joints that are held in place by tendons.
red bone marrow
found within bones, marrow is responsible for producing new blood cells. This process is known as hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium, which is essential for proper cell function.
skeletal muscle
responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle
smooth muscle
found within the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and in the iris of the eye; also called involuntary muscle
cardiac muscle
found ONLY in the heart; cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom to pump blood
lymph nodes
small, glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin that produce and store lymphocytes, also holds macrophages
lymph nodules
masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes.
thymus
located posterior to the sternum. The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence. It is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.
spleen
largest lymphoid organ, located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen. It is home to macrophages that filter the blood.
interstitial fluid
tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it is called lymph.
antigen
foreign substance within the body
antibody
protein the body creates in response to specific antigens
immunoglobulins
antibodies
B-cells
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells; these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens
T-cells
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly
monocytes
engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
naturally acquired active immunity
occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease. The antibodies have a memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.
artificially acquired active immunity
result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future.
naturally acquired passive immunity
short-lasting immunity transferred through the placenta and breast milk.
artificially acquired passive immunity
short-lasting immunity, this is created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin.
heart
located within the central part of the chest (mediastinum) and functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body
artery
thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body.
arteriole
smaller branches of arteries
vein
vessels that carry blood toward the heart. They are thinner-walled than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow.
venule
smaller branches of veins
capillary
smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules. They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.