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NHA CCMA Exam Prep > Module 2 Practice Questions and Key Terms > Flashcards

Module 2 Practice Questions and Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable membrane (allows only certain substances through) made of phospholipids and proteins surrounding the entire cell

ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF THE CELL!

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

Gel-like fluid filling the inside of the cell that is comprised primarily of water, with electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients dissolved within it

MEDIUM FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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3
Q

nucleus

A

Large, spherical body near the center of the cell containing genetic material in the form of DNA

CONTROL CENTER OF CELL, REGULATES CELL ACTIVITY

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4
Q

nuclear membrane

A

Double-layered, porous membrane surrounding the nucleus

PROTECTS THE NUCELUS, ONLY ALLOWS SPECIFIC MATERIAL

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5
Q

nucleolus

A

Dark, dense body within the nucleus without an enclosing membrane; most cells contain one to four

FORMS DNA & RIBOSOMES

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

Elongated, rod-shaped bodies filled with fluid, containing DNA

CONVERTS NUTRIENTS INTO ENERGY FOR BODY, POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!

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7
Q

ribosomes

A

Small granules of RNA found in the nucleolus or cytoplasm

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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8
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Complex connection of membranous fluid-filled, flat sacs and tubular channels that connects the cell membrane to nucleus membrane.

TRANSPORTS MATERIAL THROUGHOUT CELL

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9
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

supports the synthesis & transport of proteins

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10
Q

soft endoplasmic reticulum

A

supports the synthesis of some lipid molecules, including steroids

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11
Q

golgi apparatus

A

Four to six flat membranous sacs, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; typically found near the nucleus and forms lysosomes within cell

“PACKAGING AND SHIPPPING PLANT” OF CELL

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12
Q

lysosomes

A

Sacs surrounded by membranes created by the Golgi apparatus

DIGESTS WASTE MATERIAL (INCLUDING DAMAGED MATERIAL)

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13
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Comprised of protein microfilaments and microtubules

MAINTAINS SHAPE & STRUCTURE OF CELL

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14
Q

centrioles

A

Pair of rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules found near the nucleus

DISTRIBUTES DNA TO NEW CELLS (cell reproduction)

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15
Q

cilia

A

Short, hair-like microtubules projecting from the cell membrane

MOVES SUBSTANCES ALONG SURFACE OF CELL

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16
Q

flagella

A

Long, hair-like microtubules, projecting from the cell membrane

MOVE THE CELL THROUGH A “WHIP-LIKE MOTION”

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17
Q

Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for transporting materials throughout the cell?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right sides

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19
Q

midsagittal plane

A

equal division of left & right sides, running along the midline of the body

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20
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower sections, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE EQUAL

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21
Q

frontal plane (coronal)

A

divides the body into anterior & posterior sections

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22
Q

cranial cavity

A

within the SKULL, houses the meninges (brain)

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23
Q

spinal cavity

A

traveling down the midline of the back and formed by the vertebrae, contains the spinal cord

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24
Q

thoracic cavity

A

within the CHEST, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels

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25
Q

abdominal cavity

A

within the ABDOMEN, houses organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines

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26
Q

pelvic cavity

A

inferior to abdominal cavity, houses bladder & reproductive organs

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27
Q

homeostasis

A

state in which the body systems and biological processes maintain stability

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28
Q

What is the function of skin?

A

responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production

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29
Q

epidermis layer

A

outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body

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30
Q

dermis layer

A

thick layer beneath the dermis containing arteries, veins, and nerves

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31
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue & lipocytes

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32
Q

hair follicles

A

generate hair

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33
Q

sebaceous glands

A

produce sebum to keep hair soft & prevent bacteria from growing on skin

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34
Q

fingernails & toenails

A

protects the ends of fingers & toes

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35
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

produce sweat to cool the body down

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36
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

skin

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37
Q

How many bones does the axial skeleton have?

A

made up of 80 bones

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38
Q

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?

A

made up of 126 bones

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39
Q

ligament

A

connects bone to bone for joint stability

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40
Q

tendons

A

connects muscle to bone to help to move extremities

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41
Q

connective tissue

A

maintains, protects, and gives form to other tissue and organs

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42
Q

cartilage

A

part of connective tissue found in the larynx and respiratory tract and also protects the ends of long bones

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43
Q

long bones

A

these bones have epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow. The ends of long bones are covered by articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction.

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44
Q

short bones

A

found in the wrists and ankles, usually are small and round bones

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45
Q

flat bones

A

majority of surface area of these bones are flat or slightly curved.

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46
Q

irregular bones

A

includes bones with an unusual shape that is typically related to its function.

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47
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small, round bones are found in joints that are held in place by tendons.

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48
Q

red bone marrow

A

found within bones, marrow is responsible for producing new blood cells. This process is known as hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium, which is essential for proper cell function.

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49
Q

skeletal muscle

A

responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

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50
Q

smooth muscle

A

found within the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and in the iris of the eye; also called involuntary muscle

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51
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found ONLY in the heart; cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom to pump blood

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52
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin that produce and store lymphocytes, also holds macrophages

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53
Q

lymph nodules

A

masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes.

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54
Q

thymus

A

located posterior to the sternum. The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence. It is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.

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55
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphoid organ, located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen. It is home to macrophages that filter the blood.

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56
Q

interstitial fluid

A

tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it is called lymph.

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57
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance within the body

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58
Q

antibody

A

protein the body creates in response to specific antigens

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59
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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60
Q

B-cells

A

type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells; these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens

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61
Q

T-cells

A

type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly

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62
Q

monocytes

A

engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies

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63
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease. The antibodies have a memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.

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64
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future.

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65
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

short-lasting immunity transferred through the placenta and breast milk.

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66
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

short-lasting immunity, this is created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin.

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67
Q

heart

A

located within the central part of the chest (mediastinum) and functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body

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68
Q

artery

A

thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body.

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69
Q

arteriole

A

smaller branches of arteries

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70
Q

vein

A

vessels that carry blood toward the heart. They are thinner-walled than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow.

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71
Q

venule

A

smaller branches of veins

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72
Q

capillary

A

smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules. They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.

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73
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves

74
Q

myocardium

A

muscular layer of the heart

75
Q

pericardium

A

outermost layer of the heart, membrane that surrounds the heart and secretes pericardial fluid

76
Q

kidneys

A

located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae, the kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine.

77
Q

ureters

A

long tubes that are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

78
Q

urinary bladder

A

small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity is responsible for storing urine.

79
Q

urethra

A

responsible for carrying urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body and is longer in males due to pelvic shape and position of the prostate. The urinary meatus is located at the end of the urethra where urine exits the body.

80
Q

mouth

A

responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva).

81
Q

pharynx

A

includes the throat (the passageway for food between the oral cavity) and the esophagus (also part of the respiratory system).

82
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube connects the mouth to the stomach. It uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach.

83
Q

stomach

A

located below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity, the stomach receives food from the esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices. It then propels food to the small intestine. The stomach lining contains folds called rugae, allowing expansion.

84
Q

small intestine

A

takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity and is primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients, divided into THREE SECTIONS
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

85
Q

large intestine

A

also known as the colon, it completes absorption and forms feces from solid waste products. DIVIDED INTO FIVE SECTIONS
-cecum (connected to the ileum)
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon

86
Q

rectum

A

end of the colon that stores feces until defecation

87
Q

anus

A

end of the rectum, which opens to the outside of the body to allow for elimination of feces.

88
Q

liver

A

located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It produces bile needed to break down fats.

89
Q

gallbladder

A

located inferior to the liver, the gall bladder stores bile and connects to the duodenum.

90
Q

pancreas

A

posterior to the stomach and connected to duodenum, the pancreas produces enzymes that aid with digestion, creates insulin

91
Q

alimentary canal

A

passage in which food passes through the body from the mouth to anus.

92
Q

nose

A

made of bones, cartilage, and skin. It contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particles from entering.

93
Q

pharynx

A

during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx is also part of the digestive system

94
Q

larynx

A

superior to the trachea, the larynx produces a person’s voice. (“voicebox”)

95
Q

trachea

A

also called the windpipe, the trachea extends from the larynx and branches into bronchi. It is lined with cilia.

96
Q

lungs

A

two cone-shaped organs are located in the chest. The lungs contain bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels. The right lung is larger and divided into three lobes. The left lung has two lobes. Both lungs are surrounded by a membrane called pleura.

97
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange within hemoglobin of a RBC

98
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs

99
Q

brain

A

coordinates most body activities and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgment, divided into FOUR LOBES
-frontal
-parietal
-occipital
-temporal

100
Q

spinal cord

A

provides a pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and from the brain and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column.

101
Q

peripheral nerves

A

includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from the spinal cord. They carry nerve signals between the body and the brain.

102
Q

neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

103
Q

dendrites

A

projections from the cell body that receives information from other neurons

104
Q

nucleus

A

directs cellular activity (CONTROL CENTER OF CELL)

105
Q

cytoplasm

A

produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron.

106
Q

axon

A

stores neurotransmitters

107
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain & spinal cord

108
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

peripheral nerves located throughout the body

109
Q

hormones

A

chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone’s specific target ceells

110
Q

testes

A

produces sperm & testosterone, located below the pelvic cavity (outer), within the scrotum

111
Q

scrotum

A

pouch of skin that houses the testes (outer)

112
Q

penis

A

external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body

113
Q

epididymis

A

coiled tube located superior to each testis; responsible for maturation of sperm cells

114
Q

vas deferens

A

connects the epididymis to the urethra

115
Q

seminal vesicles

A

sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid that stimulate muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward

116
Q

prostate gland

A

surrounds the proximal urethra; contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm; secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina

117
Q

bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

A

inferior to the prostate gland; secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse

118
Q

androgens

A

group of male sex hormones

119
Q

testosterone

A

most abundant & biologically active of the MALE sex hormones

120
Q

ovaries

A

PAIR of oval shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity.

produces ova, estrogen, and progesterone

121
Q

fallopian tubes

A

MUSCULAR tubes with proximal openings near each ovary, and connects distally to the uterus to receive egg during ovulation

122
Q

uterus

A

HOLLOW MUSCULAR organ, located in the lower pelvic cavity

receives fertilized egg and implants it into uterine wall for fetal development, and if no egg is fertilized, it results in menstruation

123
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body; expands during intercourse and childbirth

124
Q

labia majora

A

folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external genitalia

125
Q

labia minora

A

folds of skin WITHIN the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation; form a hood over the clitoris

126
Q

clitoris

A

highly sensitive erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra

127
Q

perineum

A

area between the vagina and anus

128
Q

estrogen

A

group of sex hormones

129
Q

progesterone

A

hormones secreted by the ovaries

130
Q

estradiol

A

most abundant and biologically active FEMALE hormone

131
Q

Which of the following classifications of bone describes the skull?

132
Q

What is Step 1 of the cardiac cycle?

A

SA node generates an electrical impulse

133
Q

What is Step 2 of the cardiac cycle?

A

impulse travels into the AV node

134
Q

What is Step 3 of the cardiac cycle?

A

impulse travels into the ventricular septum

135
Q

What is Step 4 of the cardiac cycle?

A

electrical impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers

136
Q

What is Step 5 of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricles contract and pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta

137
Q

What structure is known as the “pacemaker” of the heart?

138
Q

Which of the following body systems are primarily responsible for achieving and maintaining homeostasis?

A

nervous & endocrine

139
Q

Which of the following defense mechanisms is a patient engaging in if they state, “The lab must have mixed up the samples, I don’t have diabetes?”

140
Q

For which of the following is a history of inflammatory bowel disease a risk factor?

A

colorectal cancer

141
Q

In which of the following stages of development is the goal to achieve a balance between concern for the next generation and being self-absorbed?

A

generativity vs. stagnation

142
Q

Which of the following abbreviations used to indicate a heart attack?

A

MI (myocardial infarction)

143
Q

According to the Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list, which of the following should never be abbreviated?

A

medication names

144
Q

Which of the following is a common symptom of depression?

A

feeling of hopelessness

145
Q

Which of the following describes an illness constantly present in a community?

146
Q

epidemic

A

occurs when a disease spreads rapidly to a large group of people

147
Q

pandemic

148
Q

outbreak

149
Q

What is an example of a physical stressor on the body?

A

pollution in the air

150
Q

Which of the following mental health conditions tend to present as hyperactivity in young males?

151
Q

Which of the following body cavities travels down the midline of the back?

A

spinal cavity

152
Q

dermat-

153
Q

A patient is told their kidney disease has progressed to the point of dialysis. Which of the following stages of grief is the patient experiencing if they are beginning to explore dietary changes?

A

bargaining

154
Q

Which of the following describes the body’s systems and biological processes to maintain stability?

A

homeostasis

155
Q

Which of the following is a bone of the lower extremities?

A

metatarsals

156
Q

Which of the following describes the position of the head to the chest when a person is in the anatomical position?

157
Q

Which of the following is an autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints?

A

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

158
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of shingles?

A

blistering rash

159
Q

Which of the following diseases is a patient referring to if they say, “Lou Gehrig’s disease”?

A

amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

160
Q

Which of the following is a helpful accommodation for a patient who has partial vision loss?

A

utilize larger print materials

161
Q

Which of the following can be diagnosed during a colonoscopy?

A

diverticulitis

162
Q

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

A

-Skull
-Cervical vertebrae
-Thoracic vertebrae
-Lumbar vertebrae
-Sacrum
-Coccyx​​​​​​​
-Ribs

163
Q

What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

-Scapula
-Clavicle
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Phalanges

-Pelvic girdle
-Femur
-Patella
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals​​​​​​​
-Phalanges

164
Q

somatic nervous system

165
Q

autonomic nervous system

166
Q

exocrine glands

A

releases hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cell

167
Q

endocrine glands

A

releases hormones DIRECTLY into blood stream

168
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

provide structure & posture

169
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

controls all other body systems

170
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

move air in and out of the lungs

171
Q

What is the function of the gastrointestinal system?

A

facilitates digestion

172
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

remove waste products from the body

173
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

delivers blood to the body, makes sure heart stays pumping

174
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

protects the body from disease

175
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

temperature regulation & sensations

176
Q

Which of the following diseases would be indicated if a patient presented with a waxy bump on the skin that has been growing for four months?

A

basal cell skin cancer

177
Q

Which of the following conditions includes symptoms of excessive bleeding and frequent bruising?

A

hemophilia

178
Q

nuclear medicine

A

diagnostic imaging that involves the administration of radioactive material called tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions

179
Q

Which of the following diagnostic studies uses radiation?

A

-X-ray
-CT scan
-Nuclear medicine

180
Q

Which of the following organizations researches potential agents related to pandemics?

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

NHA CCMA Exam Prep (23 decks)

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