Module 2 Practice Questions

Question 1

the study of the history of life on earth as seen through fossils

Answer 1

Paleontology

Question 2

what are the four main eukaryotes that are primarily studied?

Answer 2

Protozoa, microscopic algae, helminths, and fungi

Question 3

Eukaryotes that may be multicellular or unicellular

Answer 3

Fungi & Algae

Question 4

Eukaryote that is always unicellular

Answer 4

Protozoa

Question 5

Eukaryote that is always multicellular

Answer 5

Helminths (but have unicellular egg or larval forms)

Question 6

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor of both euks and pros, that was neither pro or euk, it is called

Answer 6

Last Common Ancestor

Question 7

Only some eukaryotes have
1.
2.
3.

Answer 7

1. cell wall
2. appendages for motility
3. chloroplasts

Question 8

Most eukaryotic microbes move by using _______ or ___________.
This type of motility is common in protozoa, many algae, and a few fungal and animal cells.

Answer 8

Flagella or cilia

Question 9

Eukaryotic flagella are much different than that of bacteria.
The euk flagella is about ___ times thicker, structurally more _______, and covered by an extension of the cell membrane.

Answer 9

10

complex

Question 10

describe the structure of a euk flagellum

Answer 10

long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow tubules (microtubules) that extend along its entire length

9+2 arrangement found in euk flagella and cilia

Question 11

Cilia compared to flagella

Answer 11

similar overall, but are shorter and more numerous

found only on a single group of protozoa and in certain animals cells.

in some cells cilia function as feeding and filtering structures.

Question 12

most euk cells have a __________, an outermost layer composed of polysaccharides.
For protection, adherence, and reception

Answer 12

glycocalyx

Question 13

Protozoa and helminths do not have cell walls, but _______ do.

Answer 13

fungi

Question 14

describe cell wall of fungi

Answer 14

rigid and provide structural support/shape

different in chemical composition compared to A & B

they have an inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, and an outer layer of mixed glycans

Question 15

in addition to phospholipids, euk cell/cytoplasmic membranes also have _______ embedded in.
The cytoplasmic membrane is __________ _________.

Answer 15

sterols

selectively permeable

Question 16

site for ribosomal synthesis in euk cell

Answer 16

nucleolus

Question 17

genetic material of the nucleus; made up of nucleic acid and stains readily with certain dyes

Answer 17

chromatin

Question 18

organelle that is a closed tubular network that functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis of and storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids

Answer 18

Smooth ER

Question 19

continuation of the nuclear envelope; transports materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the cell’s exterior.
covered in ribosomes

Answer 19

Rough ER

Question 20

organelle in which proteins are modified and sent to their final destinations

Answer 20

golgi body

Question 21

a vesicle that buds off of the golgi apparatus, contains a variety of enzymes; digestion of food and protection

Answer 21

lysosomes

Question 22

membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored; found in phagocytic cells (certain WBC and protozoa).

Answer 22

vacuole

Question 23

Protozoa living in freshwater habitats used structures called _____ ______, to regulate osmotic pressure.

Answer 23

contractile vacuoles

Question 24

site of aerobic respiration in euk cells

Answer 24

mitochondria

Question 25

organelles found in plant and algae cells that are capable of converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Answer 25

chloroplasts

Question 26

a globular protein that forms microfilaments and provides structural support in cells

Answer 26

actin

Question 27

ropelike structures that are about 10nm in diameter

Answer 27

intermediate filaments

Question 28

describe the differences in genetics between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses

Answer 28

B/A: only have nucleic acids and chromosomes Euk: have everything (nucleus, NA, chromo, nuc envelope) Viruses: have nucleic acids only

Question 29

describe the differences in reproduction between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses

Answer 29

B/A: binary fission, some sexual repro Euk: mitosis, binary fission, and sexual repro Viruses: none

Question 30

the theory that eukaryotic cells came to be when primordial cells engulfed bacteria or other primordial cell types that later became organelles inside the more complex cells

Answer 30

endosymbiosis

Question 31

a yeast cell is distinguished by its _____ shape and its more of ___________ reproduction called budding.

Answer 31

oval | asexual

Question 32

long thread-like cells found in the bodies of fungi of the filamentous type (molds)

Answer 32

hyphae

Question 33

a chain of yeast cells formed when buds remain attached in a row

Answer 33

pseudohypha

Question 34

fungal cells that can take either form, mold or yeast

Answer 34

dimorphic

Question 35

three types of fungal disease in humans

Answer 35

``` environmental associated (general population) ie. ringworm ``` ``` hospital associated (people in hospital or LTC) ie. various fungi that contaminate HC settings ``` opportunistic (people who have compromised immune systems or disrupted microbiota) ie. Mucormycosis, caused by a fungus found in soils, leaves, compost, rotting wood ie. Candidiasis

Question 36

term for fungal infections

Answer 36

mycoses

Question 37

fungal cell walls give off chemicals that can trigger _______.

Answer 37

allergies

Question 38

the mold Aspergillus flavus synthesizes a potentially lethal poison called _____. The consumption of grain contaminated with this mold has to to increased cases of liver cancer.

Answer 38

aflatoxin

Question 39

fungus advantages with agriculture

Answer 39

form stable associations with plant roots, forming structures called mycorrhizae, that increase water and nutrient absorption in roots

Question 40

fungi can rot ______ produce; as much as 40% of yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi.

Answer 40

fresh

Question 41

all fungi are __________.

Answer 41

heterotrophic

Question 42

Most fungi are _______, meaning they obtain substrates from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats.

Answer 42

saprobes

Question 43

Saccharymyces

Answer 43

yeast that produces the alcohol in beer and wine and gas that causes bread to rise

Question 44

Fungi can be ______, although very few require a living host.

Answer 44

parasites

Question 45

Fungi are often found in __________ _______ environments

Answer 45

nutritionally poor

Question 46

various fungi thrive with high ____ or ______ content, at relatively high temps, and even in snow/glaciers.

Answer 46

salt or sugar

Question 47

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold is called a

Answer 47

mycelium

Question 48

in most fungi, the hyphae are ______

Answer 48

septate ( may have pores )

Question 49

Hyphae responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates it for its nutrients

Answer 49

Vegetative hyphae (mycelia)

Question 50

Hyphae that branch off vegetative hyphae, and are responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies call spores.

Answer 50

fertile/reproductive hyphae

Question 51

________ help the fungus disperse throughout the environment via water, air, and living things.

Answer 51

spores

Question 52

Asexual spores are the products of _______ division of the parent cell.

Answer 52

mitotic

Question 53

Sexual spores are formed by the fusing of two parenteral nuclei followed by ________.

Answer 53

meiosis

Question 54

formed by successive cleavages within a SACLIKE head called a sporangium.

Answer 54

Sporangiospores

Question 55

Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

Answer 55

Conidiospores or conidia

Question 56

euk single-celled organisms, about 12,000 species

Answer 56

protozoa

Question 57

Most members of this group are harmless, yet the few species that are pathogenic are responsible for hundreds of millions of infections of humans each year.

Answer 57

Protozoa

Question 58

Outer layer of cytoplasm of a protozoa

Answer 58

ectoplasm- involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

Question 59

inner layer of cytoplasm in protozoa

Answer 59

Endoplasm - houses nucleus, mitochondria, and food for contractile vacuoles

Question 60

Protozoa can move through fluids by means of - - -

Answer 60

Pseudopods ("false feet") Flagella Cilia

Question 61

Protozoa lack a ____ wall, this means they have a certain amount of flexibility.

Answer 61

cell

Question 62

Protozoan shape remains constant in most ______ and changes constantly in _________.

Answer 62

ciliates | amoebas

Question 63

Certain amoebas encase themselves in hard shells made of ________ __________

Answer 63

calcium carbonate

Question 64

Protozoa are typically _______

Answer 64

heterotrophic

Question 65

Some species of protozoa have special feeding structures called oral grooves that carry food particles into a passageway, or a ______ that packages the captured food into vacuoles for digestion

Answer 65

gullet

Question 66

Main limiting factor of protozoa

Answer 66

availability of moisture

Question 67

A vegetative protozoan (feeding form) as opposed to a resting (cyst) form

Answer 67

trophozoite

Question 68

Protozoan dormant resting stage

Answer 68

cyst

Question 69

because ______ are more resistant then ordinary cells to heat, drying, and chemicals, they can survive in adverse conditions

Answer 69

cysts

Question 70

What type of protozoan causes Trichomonas vaginalis? (STI)

Answer 70

flagellated

Question 71

All protozoans reproduce by relatively simple ______ methods, usually ______ division. *Sexual repro usually occurs during the life cycle.

Answer 71

asexual | mitotic

Question 72

Ciliates participate in _______, a form of genetic exchange in which two cells fuse temporarily and exchange micronuclei.

Answer 72

conjugation

Question 73

Sarcodina

Answer 73

Amoeboid Protozoa ex: causes Entamoeba hystolytica = Amoebiasis (intestinal) AND Naeglergia = brain infection

Question 74

Ciliophora Protozoa

Answer 74

Ciliated protozoa | causes Balantidium coli = Balantidiosis (intestinal + other sx)

Question 75

Mastigophora Protozoa

Answer 75

flagellated protozoa causes Giardia lamblia = Giardiasis (intestinal) causes Trichomonas vaginalis causes Leishmania donovani = Leishmaniasis causes Trypansoma brucei = Trypanosomiasis

Question 76

Amoebas use _______ pods

Answer 76

pseudopods

Question 77

Sporozoa Protozoa

Answer 77

Apicomplexan Protozoa-Nonmotile causes Plasmodium vivax = malaria causes Toxoplasm gondii = toxoplasmosis (flulike) causes Cryptosporidium = Cryptosporidiosis causes Cyclospora cayetanensis = Cyclosporiasis (intestinal)

Question 78

Roundworms are also called ______ and _________

Answer 78

Nematodes | Phylum Aschelminths

Question 79

Phylum Platyhelminths

Answer 79

Flatworms

Question 80

The flat worm group is subdivided into the cestodes (or tapeworms), names for their long ______ arrangement. And the trematodes, also called ______, characterized by their flat, ovoid bodies,

Answer 80

ribbonlike | flukes

Question 81

Flatworms have a very thin ________ body

Answer 81

segmented

Question 82

Roundworms have an elongated, cylindrical, ___________ body

Answer 82

unsegmented

Question 83

most developed organs of the helminths

Answer 83

reproductive

Question 84

Name a helminth that does not cause disease

Answer 84

ringworm

Question 85

Life cycle of helminths

Answer 85

embryo, larval, adult stages

Question 86

in helminths sexes can be ________ or __________

Answer 86

separate or hermaphrodite

Question 87

Cestodes (flatworm) are generally _______

Answer 87

hermaphroditic

Question 88

the host in which larval development occurs is the ________ host the host in which adulthood and mating occurs is the _______ host

Answer 88

intermediate/secondary definitive/final

Question 89

transport host (helminths)

Answer 89

an intermediate host that experiences no parasitic development but is essential for the completion of the cycle

Question 90

Planaria is a _________

Answer 90

flatworm

Question 91

helminth eggs are vulnerable to heat, drying, and cold, so they are produced in _______ amounts

Answer 91

large

Question 92

Examples of nematodes

Answer 92

``` Ascariasis Pinworm Trichina worm River blindness (disease) Guinea worm ```

Question 93

examples of trematodes (flukes) (flatworms)

Answer 93

Blood fluke (skin penetration of larval stage)

Question 94

examples cestodes (flatworms)

Answer 94

``` Pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw pork) Fish tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw fish) ```

Question 95

Enterobius vermicularis

Answer 95

pinworm (roundworm)

Question 96

i did not make cards for chapter 5. just read it