Module 2 Practice Questions Flashcards
the study of the history of life on earth as seen through fossils
Paleontology
what are the four main eukaryotes that are primarily studied?
Protozoa, microscopic algae, helminths, and fungi
Eukaryotes that may be multicellular or unicellular
Fungi & Algae
Eukaryote that is always unicellular
Protozoa
Eukaryote that is always multicellular
Helminths (but have unicellular egg or larval forms)
Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor of both euks and pros, that was neither pro or euk, it is called
Last Common Ancestor
Only some eukaryotes have
1.
2.
3.
- cell wall
- appendages for motility
- chloroplasts
Most eukaryotic microbes move by using _______ or ___________.
This type of motility is common in protozoa, many algae, and a few fungal and animal cells.
Flagella or cilia
Eukaryotic flagella are much different than that of bacteria.
The euk flagella is about ___ times thicker, structurally more _______, and covered by an extension of the cell membrane.
10
complex
describe the structure of a euk flagellum
long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow tubules (microtubules) that extend along its entire length
9+2 arrangement found in euk flagella and cilia
Cilia compared to flagella
similar overall, but are shorter and more numerous
found only on a single group of protozoa and in certain animals cells.
in some cells cilia function as feeding and filtering structures.
most euk cells have a __________, an outermost layer composed of polysaccharides.
For protection, adherence, and reception
glycocalyx
Protozoa and helminths do not have cell walls, but _______ do.
fungi
describe cell wall of fungi
rigid and provide structural support/shape
different in chemical composition compared to A & B
they have an inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, and an outer layer of mixed glycans
in addition to phospholipids, euk cell/cytoplasmic membranes also have _______ embedded in.
The cytoplasmic membrane is __________ _________.
sterols
selectively permeable
site for ribosomal synthesis in euk cell
nucleolus
genetic material of the nucleus; made up of nucleic acid and stains readily with certain dyes
chromatin
organelle that is a closed tubular network that functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis of and storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids
Smooth ER
continuation of the nuclear envelope; transports materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the cell’s exterior.
covered in ribosomes
Rough ER
organelle in which proteins are modified and sent to their final destinations
golgi body
a vesicle that buds off of the golgi apparatus, contains a variety of enzymes; digestion of food and protection
lysosomes
membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored; found in phagocytic cells (certain WBC and protozoa).
vacuole
Protozoa living in freshwater habitats used structures called _____ ______, to regulate osmotic pressure.
contractile vacuoles
site of aerobic respiration in euk cells
mitochondria
organelles found in plant and algae cells that are capable of converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
chloroplasts
a globular protein that forms microfilaments and provides structural support in cells
actin
ropelike structures that are about 10nm in diameter
intermediate filaments
describe the differences in genetics between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses
B/A: only have nucleic acids and chromosomes
Euk: have everything (nucleus, NA, chromo, nuc envelope)
Viruses: have nucleic acids only
describe the differences in reproduction between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses
B/A: binary fission, some sexual repro
Euk: mitosis, binary fission, and sexual repro
Viruses: none
the theory that eukaryotic cells came to be when primordial cells engulfed bacteria or other primordial cell types that later became organelles inside the more complex cells
endosymbiosis
a yeast cell is distinguished by its _____ shape and its more of ___________ reproduction called budding.
oval
asexual
long thread-like cells found in the bodies of fungi of the filamentous type (molds)
hyphae
a chain of yeast cells formed when buds remain attached in a row
pseudohypha
fungal cells that can take either form, mold or yeast
dimorphic
three types of fungal disease in humans
environmental associated (general population) ie. ringworm
hospital associated (people in hospital or LTC) ie. various fungi that contaminate HC settings
opportunistic (people who have compromised immune systems or disrupted microbiota)
ie. Mucormycosis, caused by a fungus found in soils, leaves, compost, rotting wood
ie. Candidiasis
term for fungal infections
mycoses
fungal cell walls give off chemicals that can trigger _______.
allergies
the mold Aspergillus flavus synthesizes a potentially lethal poison called _____.
The consumption of grain contaminated with this mold has to to increased cases of liver cancer.
aflatoxin
fungus advantages with agriculture
form stable associations with plant roots, forming structures called mycorrhizae, that increase water and nutrient absorption in roots
fungi can rot ______ produce; as much as 40% of yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi.
fresh
all fungi are __________.
heterotrophic
Most fungi are _______, meaning they obtain substrates from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats.
saprobes
Saccharymyces
yeast that produces the alcohol in beer and wine and gas that causes bread to rise
Fungi can be ______, although very few require a living host.
parasites
Fungi are often found in __________ _______ environments
nutritionally poor
various fungi thrive with high ____ or ______ content, at relatively high temps, and even in snow/glaciers.
salt or sugar
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold is called a
mycelium
in most fungi, the hyphae are ______
septate ( may have pores )
Hyphae responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates it for its nutrients
Vegetative hyphae (mycelia)
Hyphae that branch off vegetative hyphae, and are responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies call spores.
fertile/reproductive hyphae
________ help the fungus disperse throughout the environment via water, air, and living things.
spores
Asexual spores are the products of _______ division of the parent cell.
mitotic
Sexual spores are formed by the fusing of two parenteral nuclei followed by ________.
meiosis
formed by successive cleavages within a SACLIKE head called a sporangium.
Sporangiospores
Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.
Conidiospores or conidia
euk single-celled organisms, about 12,000 species
protozoa
Most members of this group are harmless, yet the few species that are pathogenic are responsible for hundreds of millions of infections of humans each year.
Protozoa
Outer layer of cytoplasm of a protozoa
ectoplasm- involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection
inner layer of cytoplasm in protozoa
Endoplasm - houses nucleus, mitochondria, and food for contractile vacuoles
-
-
Pseudopods (“false feet”)
Flagella
Cilia
Protozoa lack a ____ wall, this means they have a certain amount of flexibility.
cell
Protozoan shape remains constant in most ______ and changes constantly in _________.
ciliates
amoebas
Certain amoebas encase themselves in hard shells made of ________ __________
calcium carbonate
Protozoa are typically _______
heterotrophic
Some species of protozoa have special feeding structures called oral grooves that carry food particles into a passageway, or a ______ that packages the captured food into vacuoles for digestion
gullet
Main limiting factor of protozoa
availability of moisture
A vegetative protozoan (feeding form) as opposed to a resting (cyst) form
trophozoite
Protozoan dormant resting stage
cyst
because ______ are more resistant then ordinary cells to heat, drying, and chemicals, they can survive in adverse conditions
cysts
What type of protozoan causes Trichomonas vaginalis? (STI)
flagellated
All protozoans reproduce by relatively simple ______ methods, usually ______ division.
*Sexual repro usually occurs during the life cycle.
asexual
mitotic
Ciliates participate in _______, a form of genetic exchange in which two cells fuse temporarily and exchange micronuclei.
conjugation
Sarcodina
Amoeboid Protozoa
ex: causes Entamoeba hystolytica = Amoebiasis (intestinal) AND Naeglergia = brain infection
Ciliophora Protozoa
Ciliated protozoa
causes Balantidium coli = Balantidiosis (intestinal + other sx)
Mastigophora Protozoa
flagellated protozoa
causes Giardia lamblia = Giardiasis (intestinal)
causes Trichomonas vaginalis
causes Leishmania donovani = Leishmaniasis
causes Trypansoma brucei = Trypanosomiasis
Amoebas use _______ pods
pseudopods
Sporozoa Protozoa
Apicomplexan Protozoa-Nonmotile
causes Plasmodium vivax = malaria
causes Toxoplasm gondii = toxoplasmosis (flulike)
causes Cryptosporidium = Cryptosporidiosis
causes Cyclospora cayetanensis = Cyclosporiasis (intestinal)
Roundworms are also called ______ and _________
Nematodes
Phylum Aschelminths
Phylum Platyhelminths
Flatworms
The flat worm group is subdivided into the cestodes (or tapeworms), names for their long ______ arrangement.
And the trematodes, also called ______, characterized by their flat, ovoid bodies,
ribbonlike
flukes
Flatworms have a very thin ________ body
segmented
Roundworms have an elongated, cylindrical, ___________ body
unsegmented
most developed organs of the helminths
reproductive
Name a helminth that does not cause disease
ringworm
Life cycle of helminths
embryo, larval, adult stages
in helminths sexes can be ________ or __________
separate or hermaphrodite
Cestodes (flatworm) are generally _______
hermaphroditic
the host in which larval development occurs is the ________ host
the host in which adulthood and mating occurs is the _______ host
intermediate/secondary
definitive/final
transport host (helminths)
an intermediate host that experiences no parasitic development but is essential for the completion of the cycle
Planaria is a _________
flatworm
helminth eggs are vulnerable to heat, drying, and cold, so they are produced in _______ amounts
large
Examples of nematodes
Ascariasis Pinworm Trichina worm River blindness (disease) Guinea worm
examples of trematodes (flukes) (flatworms)
Blood fluke (skin penetration of larval stage)
examples cestodes (flatworms)
Pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw pork) Fish tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw fish)
Enterobius vermicularis
pinworm (roundworm)
i did not make cards for chapter 5. just read it
