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Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) > Module 2 Practice Questions > Flashcards

Module 2 Practice Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of the history of life on earth as seen through fossils

A

Paleontology

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2
Q

what are the four main eukaryotes that are primarily studied?

A

Protozoa, microscopic algae, helminths, and fungi

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3
Q

Eukaryotes that may be multicellular or unicellular

A

Fungi & Algae

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4
Q

Eukaryote that is always unicellular

A

Protozoa

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5
Q

Eukaryote that is always multicellular

A

Helminths (but have unicellular egg or larval forms)

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6
Q

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes evolved from a precursor of both euks and pros, that was neither pro or euk, it is called

A

Last Common Ancestor

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7
Q

Only some eukaryotes have
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. cell wall
  2. appendages for motility
  3. chloroplasts
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8
Q

Most eukaryotic microbes move by using _______ or ___________.
This type of motility is common in protozoa, many algae, and a few fungal and animal cells.

A

Flagella or cilia

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9
Q

Eukaryotic flagella are much different than that of bacteria.
The euk flagella is about ___ times thicker, structurally more _______, and covered by an extension of the cell membrane.

A

10

complex

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10
Q

describe the structure of a euk flagellum

A

long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow tubules (microtubules) that extend along its entire length

9+2 arrangement found in euk flagella and cilia

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11
Q

Cilia compared to flagella

A

similar overall, but are shorter and more numerous

found only on a single group of protozoa and in certain animals cells.

in some cells cilia function as feeding and filtering structures.

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12
Q

most euk cells have a __________, an outermost layer composed of polysaccharides.
For protection, adherence, and reception

A

glycocalyx

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13
Q

Protozoa and helminths do not have cell walls, but _______ do.

A

fungi

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14
Q

describe cell wall of fungi

A

rigid and provide structural support/shape

different in chemical composition compared to A & B

they have an inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, and an outer layer of mixed glycans

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15
Q

in addition to phospholipids, euk cell/cytoplasmic membranes also have _______ embedded in.
The cytoplasmic membrane is __________ _________.

A

sterols

selectively permeable

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16
Q

site for ribosomal synthesis in euk cell

A

nucleolus

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17
Q

genetic material of the nucleus; made up of nucleic acid and stains readily with certain dyes

A

chromatin

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18
Q

organelle that is a closed tubular network that functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis of and storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids

A

Smooth ER

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19
Q

continuation of the nuclear envelope; transports materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the cell’s exterior.
covered in ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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20
Q

organelle in which proteins are modified and sent to their final destinations

A

golgi body

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21
Q

a vesicle that buds off of the golgi apparatus, contains a variety of enzymes; digestion of food and protection

A

lysosomes

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22
Q

membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored; found in phagocytic cells (certain WBC and protozoa).

A

vacuole

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23
Q

Protozoa living in freshwater habitats used structures called _____ ______, to regulate osmotic pressure.

A

contractile vacuoles

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24
Q

site of aerobic respiration in euk cells

A

mitochondria

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25
Q

organelles found in plant and algae cells that are capable of converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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26
Q

a globular protein that forms microfilaments and provides structural support in cells

A

actin

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27
Q

ropelike structures that are about 10nm in diameter

A

intermediate filaments

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28
Q

describe the differences in genetics between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses

A

B/A: only have nucleic acids and chromosomes
Euk: have everything (nucleus, NA, chromo, nuc envelope)
Viruses: have nucleic acids only

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29
Q

describe the differences in reproduction between B/A cells, euk cells, and viruses

A

B/A: binary fission, some sexual repro
Euk: mitosis, binary fission, and sexual repro
Viruses: none

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30
Q

the theory that eukaryotic cells came to be when primordial cells engulfed bacteria or other primordial cell types that later became organelles inside the more complex cells

A

endosymbiosis

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31
Q

a yeast cell is distinguished by its _____ shape and its more of ___________ reproduction called budding.

A

oval

asexual

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32
Q

long thread-like cells found in the bodies of fungi of the filamentous type (molds)

A

hyphae

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33
Q

a chain of yeast cells formed when buds remain attached in a row

A

pseudohypha

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34
Q

fungal cells that can take either form, mold or yeast

A

dimorphic

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35
Q

three types of fungal disease in humans

A 
environmental associated (general population)
ie. ringworm
hospital associated (people in hospital or LTC)
ie. various fungi that contaminate HC settings

opportunistic (people who have compromised immune systems or disrupted microbiota)

ie. Mucormycosis, caused by a fungus found in soils, leaves, compost, rotting wood
ie. Candidiasis

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36
Q

term for fungal infections

A

mycoses

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37
Q

fungal cell walls give off chemicals that can trigger _______.

A

allergies

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38
Q

the mold Aspergillus flavus synthesizes a potentially lethal poison called _____.

The consumption of grain contaminated with this mold has to to increased cases of liver cancer.

A

aflatoxin

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39
Q

fungus advantages with agriculture

A

form stable associations with plant roots, forming structures called mycorrhizae, that increase water and nutrient absorption in roots

40
Q

fungi can rot ______ produce; as much as 40% of yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi.

A

fresh

41
Q

all fungi are __________.

A

heterotrophic

42
Q

Most fungi are _______, meaning they obtain substrates from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats.

A

saprobes

43
Q

Saccharymyces

A

yeast that produces the alcohol in beer and wine and gas that causes bread to rise

44
Q

Fungi can be ______, although very few require a living host.

A

parasites

45
Q

Fungi are often found in __________ _______ environments

A

nutritionally poor

46
Q

various fungi thrive with high ____ or ______ content, at relatively high temps, and even in snow/glaciers.

A

salt or sugar

47
Q

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold is called a

A

mycelium

48
Q

in most fungi, the hyphae are ______

A

septate ( may have pores )

49
Q

Hyphae responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates it for its nutrients

A

Vegetative hyphae (mycelia)

50
Q

Hyphae that branch off vegetative hyphae, and are responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies call spores.

A

fertile/reproductive hyphae

51
Q

________ help the fungus disperse throughout the environment via water, air, and living things.

A

spores

52
Q

Asexual spores are the products of _______ division of the parent cell.

A

mitotic

53
Q

Sexual spores are formed by the fusing of two parenteral nuclei followed by ________.

A

meiosis

54
Q

formed by successive cleavages within a SACLIKE head called a sporangium.

A

Sporangiospores

55
Q

Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

A

Conidiospores or conidia

56
Q

euk single-celled organisms, about 12,000 species

A

protozoa

57
Q

Most members of this group are harmless, yet the few species that are pathogenic are responsible for hundreds of millions of infections of humans each year.

A

Protozoa

58
Q

Outer layer of cytoplasm of a protozoa

A

ectoplasm- involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

59
Q

inner layer of cytoplasm in protozoa

A

Endoplasm - houses nucleus, mitochondria, and food for contractile vacuoles

60
Q

-
-

A

Pseudopods (“false feet”)
Flagella
Cilia

61
Q

Protozoa lack a ____ wall, this means they have a certain amount of flexibility.

A

cell

62
Q

Protozoan shape remains constant in most ______ and changes constantly in _________.

A

ciliates

amoebas

63
Q

Certain amoebas encase themselves in hard shells made of ________ __________

A

calcium carbonate

64
Q

Protozoa are typically _______

A

heterotrophic

65
Q

Some species of protozoa have special feeding structures called oral grooves that carry food particles into a passageway, or a ______ that packages the captured food into vacuoles for digestion

A

gullet

66
Q

Main limiting factor of protozoa

A

availability of moisture

67
Q

A vegetative protozoan (feeding form) as opposed to a resting (cyst) form

A

trophozoite

68
Q

Protozoan dormant resting stage

A

cyst

69
Q

because ______ are more resistant then ordinary cells to heat, drying, and chemicals, they can survive in adverse conditions

A

cysts

70
Q

What type of protozoan causes Trichomonas vaginalis? (STI)

A

flagellated

71
Q

All protozoans reproduce by relatively simple ______ methods, usually ______ division.

*Sexual repro usually occurs during the life cycle.

A

asexual

mitotic

72
Q

Ciliates participate in _______, a form of genetic exchange in which two cells fuse temporarily and exchange micronuclei.

A

conjugation

73
Q

Sarcodina

A

Amoeboid Protozoa

ex: causes Entamoeba hystolytica = Amoebiasis (intestinal) AND Naeglergia = brain infection

74
Q

Ciliophora Protozoa

A

Ciliated protozoa

causes Balantidium coli = Balantidiosis (intestinal + other sx)

75
Q

Mastigophora Protozoa

A

flagellated protozoa
causes Giardia lamblia = Giardiasis (intestinal)
causes Trichomonas vaginalis
causes Leishmania donovani = Leishmaniasis
causes Trypansoma brucei = Trypanosomiasis

76
Q

Amoebas use _______ pods

A

pseudopods

77
Q

Sporozoa Protozoa

A

Apicomplexan Protozoa-Nonmotile
causes Plasmodium vivax = malaria
causes Toxoplasm gondii = toxoplasmosis (flulike)
causes Cryptosporidium = Cryptosporidiosis
causes Cyclospora cayetanensis = Cyclosporiasis (intestinal)

78
Q

Roundworms are also called ______ and _________

A

Nematodes

Phylum Aschelminths

79
Q

Phylum Platyhelminths

A

Flatworms

80
Q

The flat worm group is subdivided into the cestodes (or tapeworms), names for their long ______ arrangement.

And the trematodes, also called ______, characterized by their flat, ovoid bodies,

A

ribbonlike

flukes

81
Q

Flatworms have a very thin ________ body

A

segmented

82
Q

Roundworms have an elongated, cylindrical, ___________ body

A

unsegmented

83
Q

most developed organs of the helminths

A

reproductive

84
Q

Name a helminth that does not cause disease

A

ringworm

85
Q

Life cycle of helminths

A

embryo, larval, adult stages

86
Q

in helminths sexes can be ________ or __________

A

separate or hermaphrodite

87
Q

Cestodes (flatworm) are generally _______

A

hermaphroditic

88
Q

the host in which larval development occurs is the ________ host

the host in which adulthood and mating occurs is the _______ host

A

intermediate/secondary

definitive/final

89
Q

transport host (helminths)

A

an intermediate host that experiences no parasitic development but is essential for the completion of the cycle

90
Q

Planaria is a _________

A

flatworm

91
Q

helminth eggs are vulnerable to heat, drying, and cold, so they are produced in _______ amounts

A

large

92
Q

Examples of nematodes

A 
Ascariasis
Pinworm
Trichina worm
River blindness (disease)
Guinea worm
93
Q

examples of trematodes (flukes) (flatworms)

A

Blood fluke (skin penetration of larval stage)

94
Q

examples cestodes (flatworms)

A 
Pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw pork)
Fish tapeworm (consumption of undercooked/raw fish)
95
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm (roundworm)

96
Q

i did not make cards for chapter 5. just read it

A

Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) (9 decks)

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