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Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Paleontology

A

The study of the history of life on earth as seen through fossils

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2
Q

It is believed that bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes evolved directly from the _______________, which was neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.

A

last common ancestor

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3
Q

Complex multicellular organisms evolved as individual cells in the organism lost the ability to survive apart from the ___________.

A

Colony

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4
Q

Eukaryotes that are traditionally studies by microbiologists

A

Primarily protozoa, microscopic algae, fungi, and helminths.

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5
Q

Which eukaryotic organism is always unicellular?

when considering organisms traditionally studies by microbiologists

A

Protozoa

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6
Q

Which eukaryotic organism may be unicellular or multicellular?
(when considering organisms traditionally studies by microbiologists)

A

Fungi and algae

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7
Q

Which eukaryotic organism is always multicellular?

when considering organisms traditionally studies by microbiologists

A

Helminths (but have unicellular egg or larval forms)

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8
Q

Outcome 1 in 4.1: Relate the bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells to the Last Common Ancestor.

A

These microorganisms evolved directly from the LCA, which was neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic.

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9
Q

Outcome 2 4.1: List the types of eukaryotic microorganisms, and identify which are unicellular and which are multicellular.

A

-Protozoa, Algae, Fungi, Helminths

Protozoa= always unicellular
Algae/Fungi= may be uni or multi
Helminths= always multicellular (eggs/larva are uni)
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10
Q

The first primitive eukaryotic cells were likely single-celled and independent, but over time ________ and formed ________, evolving to have specific _____.

A
  1. Aggregated
  2. Colonies
  3. Functions
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11
Q

Outcome 1 4.2:
Differentiate among the flagellar structures of bacteria,
eukaryotes, and archaea.

A

Eukaryotes: 10x thicker than bacterial flagella, structurally more complex, covered by an extension of the cell membrane, 9+2 arrangement; cilia may be present and function in feeding, motility, and filtering structures, very small compared to flagella but are shorter and more numerous

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12
Q

Outcome 2 4.2:
List similarities and differences between eukaryotic and
bacterial cytoplasmic membranes.

A
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13
Q

Outcome 3 4.2:
Briefly list the components and characteristics of each
organism type.

A
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14
Q

Outcome 4 4.2:
Explain how endosymbiosis contributed to the
development of eukaryotic cells.

A
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15
Q

Glycocalyx of Eukaryotic cells

A
  • outermost layer that comes into direct contact with environment
  • called extracellular matrix
  • composed of polysaccharides
  • appears as network of fibers, a slime layer, or a capsule
  • protection, adherence to surfaces, reception of signals from other cells and the environment
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16
Q

Cell Wall of Eukaryotes

A

-protozoa/helminths do not have

Fungi do:

  • cell walls are rigid
  • provide structural support
  • different from composition of bacterial/archaeal cells
  • have an inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose
  • outer layer of mixed glycans

Order of Cell Wall Outer to Inner:
mixed glycans->glycoprotein->chitin or cellulose and the cell membrane which is not part of the cell wall

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17
Q

Cell Membrane of Eukarya

A
  • phospholipid bilayer (proteins embedded)
  • sterols (rigid form of lipid, allows more stability in membrane compared to non-eukaryote cells)
  • selectively permeable
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18
Q

Internal structures of eukarya

A
  • membrane bound organelles
  • organelles account for 60-80% of cell volume
  • organelles contained in fluid called cytosol/cytoplasm (except nucleus)
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19
Q

Nucleus

A
  • separated from cell cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
  • nucleoplasm
  • pores/passageways
  • nucleolus (site of ribosomal RNA synthesis)
  • chromatin can be found in nucleolus (linear DNA, later forms chromos)
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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • series of membrane tunnels
  • transportation and storage
  • smooth and rough
  • RER is continuation of nuclear envelope and transports/packages materials from nucleus to cytoplasm *ribos attaches
  • SER functions in nutrient processing and synthesis/storage of nonprotein macromolecules such as lipids
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21
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • protein modification and transport to final destination
  • stacked cisternae (composition)
  • forms vesicles to be secreted outside of cell
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22
Q

Lysosome

A
  • buds of golgi

- digestion of food, removal of cell debris

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23
Q

Vacuole

A
  • contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stores
  • Protozoa living in freshwater habitats use structures called contractile vacuoles to regulate osmotic pressure
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24
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • aerobic (with oxygen) respiration
  • extracts chemical energy from nutrient molecules and stores it a ATP
  • mitochondria (and chloroplasts) divide independently of cell
  • contain DNA and ribos
  • suggested that they may have once been bacteria cells that evolved

-protozoa have mitosomes

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25
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • found in algae and plant cells
  • convert sunlight into chemical energy for photosynthesis
  • oxygen gas biproduct
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26
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • 80S variety

- protein synthesis

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • flexible framework
  • anchors organelles
  • moves RNA and vesicles
  • permits shape changes
  • movement in come cells
  • actin filaments (contraction, crawling, pinching)
  • intermediate filaments (10nm, structural reinforcement of cell)
  • microtubules (long hollow tubules= transport substances from one part of the cell to another, mitosis, movement of cilia and flagella)
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28
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Genetics

A

Eukaryotes have nucleic acids, chromos, nucleus and nuclear envelope

Bacteria/Archaeal: only have nucleic acids and chromos

Viruses: only have nucleic acids

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29
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Reproduction

A

Eukaryotes: have mitosis, sex cell production, and binary fission

Bacteria and Archaeal: only have some sex cell production and binary fission, NO MITOSIS

Viruses: none

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30
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Biosynthesis

A

Eukaryotes: independent, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes

Bacterial/Archaeal: only independent and ribosomes

Viruses: none

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31
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Respiration

A

Eukaryotes: mitochondria
Bacteria/Archaea: no mitochondria
Viruses: no mitochondria

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32
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Photosynthesis

A

Eukaryotes: some have pigments and chloroplasts

Bacteria/Archaea: some have pigments, NO chloroplasts

Viruses: NEITHER

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33
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Motility/Locomotion Structures

A

Eukaryotes: Some have cilia and flagella

Bacteria/Archaea: some have flagella, NO CILIA

Viruses: NONE

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34
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Shape/Protection

A

Eukaryotes: YES-> membrane SOME-> cell wall SOME-> glycocalyx

Bacteria/Archaea: YES-> membrane YES-> cell wall SOME-> glycocalyx

Viruses: SOME HAVE MEMBRANES “ENVELOPES”

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35
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Complexity of Fx

A

Eukaryotes: COMPLEX

Bacteria/Archaea: COMPLEX

Viruses: SOME-> complex

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36
Q

Characteristics of each organism type:

Size in general

A

Eukaryotes: 2-300 micrometers

Bacteria/Archaea: 0.5-3 micrometers (although much smaller/larger bacteria exist)

Viruses: 0.2 micrometers

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37
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

theory that eukaryotic cells came to be when primordial cell types engulfed bacteria or other primordial cell types that later became organelles inside the more complex cells

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38
Q

4.3 List two detrimental and two beneficial activities of fungi
(from the viewpoint of humans).

A
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39
Q

4.3 The Fungi:
Differentiate among the terms heterotroph, saprobe, and
parasite.

A
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40
Q

In medical micro we are most concerned with the fungi known as ______ and _____.

A

yeasts and molds

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41
Q

Fungi:

Yeast cell

A

-round to oval shape
-cell wall
-asexual reproduction
grows “buds” on surface which then become separate cells

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42
Q

Although the majority of fungi are either unicellular or colonial, a few complex forms such as mushrooms and puffballs are truly ________.

A

multicellular

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43
Q

cells of the microscopic Fungi exist in two basic forms:

A

yeasts and hyphae

44
Q

Form of Fungi:

Hyphae

A
  • long, threadlike cells found in bodies of fungi of the filamentous type
  • these are called molds
45
Q

Pseudohypha

A

A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa

  • formed when buds remain attached in a row
  • because of formation not a true hypha like that of molds
46
Q

Dimorphic

A

fungal cells that can take either a mold or yeast form depending on growth conditions such as temperature

*several fungi that cause human disease are dimorphic

47
Q

Nearly ____ species of fungi can cause human disease

A

300

48
Q

CDC Types of Fungal Disease in Humans

A
  1. Community acquired infections caused by environmental pathogens
  2. Hospital associated infections caused by fungal pathogens in clinical setting
  3. Opportunistic infections caused by low-virulence species infecting already-weakened individuals
49
Q

Community Acquired Infections

A

Who is affected: general population
Example: ringworm, a fungal infection
Sites of Sx: skin in various regions inc. scalp, groin, feet

Example: Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) caused by fungus that lives in soil and dust
Site of Sx: flulike in resp. tract and rest of body

50
Q

Hospital-Associated Infections

A

Who is affected: patients in LTC and hospital
Examples: various fungi that contaminate healthcare facilities
Sites of Sx: could be anywhere

51
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Who is affected: people with compromised immune systems, or disrupted microbiota
Example: Mucormycosis caused by a fungus found in soil, leaves, compost, and rotting wood
Sites of Sx: lungs and sinuses, skin also

Example: candidiasis caused by a yeast infection
Site of Sx: tongue, vagina, skin, wherever the microbe normally lives in small numbers

52
Q

Mycoses

A

term for fungal infections

53
Q

Transplant patients, cancer patients, and HIV pos patients are much more susceptible to _________ infections.

A

Opportunistic

54
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

a mold that synthesizes a potentially lethal poison called aflatoxin; consumption can lead to liver cancer

55
Q

Fungi and Agriculture

A

; estimated that 40% of yearly fruit crop is consumed by fungi
; can be damaging to field plants like corn and grain and to domestic animals that may ingest these crops
; essential role in decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil
; increase roots’ ability to absorb water

56
Q

The yeast Saccharomyces

A

produces the alcohol in beer and wine and the gas that causes bread to rise

57
Q

Heterotrophic and fungi

A

an organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs

58
Q

Saprobes and fungi

A

they obtain substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in the soil or aquatic habitats

59
Q

Substrates

A

the specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts

60
Q

Parasite and fungi

A

fungi can also be parasites on the bodies of living animals or plants;

; obtains nutrients and protection from host and causes some degree of harm to the host

61
Q

Often found in nutritionally poor or adverse environments

A

Fungi

62
Q

Various _____ thrive in substrates with high salt or sugar content, at high temperatures, and even in snow and glaciers

A

; fungi

63
Q

Mycelium

A

the filamentous mass that makes up a mold; composed of hyphae

64
Q

_______’s cells grow in loose associations or colonies

A

Fungi’s

65
Q

Septum/Septa

A

a partition or cellular cross wall, as in certain fungal hyphae

; some septa may be solid and allow no communication
; other septa may have small pores that allow for flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent septum compartments

66
Q

Vegetative hyphae (fungi)

A

responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates in to digest and absorb nutrients
; can give rise to reproductive hyphae

  • vegetative mycelium are responsible for fungal production of spores
67
Q

Fungi Benefits

A

-can help produce organic acids, alcohol, vitamins, and antibiotics

68
Q

How many species of protozoa are there?

A

about 12,000

69
Q

Protozoan are ______ cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles

A

single

70
Q

Protozoan organelles are specialized for what functions?

A

feeding
reproduction
locomotion

71
Q

Endoplasm-inner layer housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles
Ectoplasm-outer layer, clear, involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection

A

Protozoan cytoplasm composition

72
Q

Pseudopods, flagella, and cilia in protozoans

A

“false feet”

help protozoan move through fluids

73
Q

True or False:

Protozoan have a cell wall.

A

False

; because of this they have more flexibilty

74
Q

Protozoan cell membrane

A

regulates movement of food, wastes, and secretions

; cell shape can remain constant (as in most ciliates) or change constantly (as in ameobas)

75
Q

Size of most protozoan cells

A

3-300 micrometers

*giant amoebas and ciliates can be 3-4mm in length.

76
Q

Main limiting factor of protozoa

A

availability of moisture
; their primary habitats are fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals

*even extremes in temp and pH are not barriers to them
; hardy species are found in hot springs, ice, habitats with very low or high pH

77
Q

Special feeding structures of protozoa

A

Oral Grooves: carry food particles into a passageway or gullet that packages the captured food into vacuoles for digestion

Some protozoa absorb food directly through their cell membrane

Pathogenic species may live on the fluids of their host, such as plasma and digestive juices, or can actively feed on tissues

78
Q

Greek for “first animals”

A

Protozoa

79
Q

Mainly harmless, but the few pathogenic species of this eukaryotic organism are responsible for millions of infections each year

A

Protozoa

80
Q

Protozoa are __________ and require food in complex organic forms

A

heterotrophic

81
Q

Free living species of ________ scavenge dead animal or plant debris or graze on bacteria and algae

A

protozoa

82
Q

Trophozite

A

a vegetative protozoan (feeding form) as opposed to a resting (cyst) form.

83
Q

Four groups of protozoa based on their motility

A
  1. Sarcodina (pseudopods)
  2. Ciliophora (cilia)
  3. Mastigophora (flagella)
  4. Sporozoa (gliding motility)
84
Q

Example of a disease caused by Amoeboid Protozoa

A

Entamoeba histolytica -> Amoebiasis (intestinal + other symptoms)
Reservoir: humans, water, food

Naegleria, Acanthamoeba -> brain infection

85
Q

Example of a disease caused by Ciliated Protozoa

A

Balantidium coli -> Balantidiosis (intestinal + other symptoms)
Reservoir: pigs, cattle, primates

86
Q

Example of a disease caused by Flagellated Protozoa

A

Trichomonas vaginalis -> Trichomoniasis (vaginal sx)
Reservoir: human

Giardia lamblia -> Giardiasis (intestinal distress)

Trypanosoma brucei, T, cruzi -> Trypanosomiasis (intestinal distress and widespread organ damage)

Leishmania donovani -> Leishmaniasis (either skin lesions or widespread involvement of internal organs)

87
Q

Example of a disease caused by Apicomplexan Protozoa-Nonmotile

A

Cyclospora cayetanensis -> Cyclosporiasis (intestinal and other sx)
Reservoir: water, fresh produce

Plasmodium vivax -> Malaria (cardiovascular + other symptoms)

Toxoplasma gondii -> Toxoplasmosis (flu like/silent infection)

Cryptosporidium ->Cryptosporidiosis (intestinal + other symptoms)

88
Q

Outcomes for 4.4:

Describe the protozoan characteristics that illustrate why
protozoa are informally placed into a single group.

Give an example of a disease caused by each of the four
types of protozoa

A
  • they have an inner and outer layer of cytoplasm (endoplasm and ectoplasm)
  • no cell wall
  • can move through fluids with attachments
  • have cell membranes that regulate waste, secretions, and food
  1. Amoeboid Protozoa -> Amoebiasis (intestinal)
  2. Ciliated Protozoa -> Balantidiosis (intestinal)
  3. Flagellated Protozoa: Trichomoniasis (vag sx)
  4. Apicomplexan Protozoa-Nonmotile -> cyclosporiasis (intestinal)
89
Q

Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms are _______

A

Helminths

90
Q

Two major groups of pathogenic helminths

A

Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)

Roundworms (phylum Aschelminthes, also called NEMATODES)

91
Q

Characteristics of Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)

A

very thin, often SEGMENTED body plan

92
Q

Characteristics of Roundworms (phylum Aschelminthes)

A

elongated, cylindrical, UNSEGMENTED body

93
Q

Flatworm Subdivisions

A

Cestodes, or tapeworms (named for their long, ribbon-like arrangement)
AND
Trematodes, or flukes (characterized by flat, ovoid bodies)

94
Q

True or False:

All flatworms and roundworms are parasites by nature

A

False; many live free in soil and water

95
Q

All helminths are ________ animals equipped to some degree with organs and organ systems.

A

Multicellular

96
Q

In pathogenic helminths, the most developed organs are those of the __________ system.

A

Reproductive

97
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Roundworm; Nematodes

Disease: Ascariasis

98
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Roundworm; Nematodes

Disease: Pinworm

99
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

Roundworm; Nematode

Disease: Trichina worm

100
Q

Onchocerca volvulus -> River blindness

Dracunculus medinensis -> Guinea worm

A

Roundworms; Nematodes

101
Q

Schistosome japonicum - > blood fluke

A

Flatworm; Trematodes

102
Q

Taenia solium -> pork tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum -> fish tapeworm

A

Flatworms; Cestodes

103
Q

Pinworm size

A

worms range from 2-12mm long

104
Q

Egg Laying of Helminths

A
  • Eggs picked up from environment from another infected person directly or by touching articles that person has touched
  • Eggs hatch in intestine and female and male worms mate
  • Female worm deposits eggs at anus and causes itchiness making host scratch and spread eggs on surfaces
  • Fertilized eggs are vulnerable to heat, cold, dryness, and predators
  • Helminths can lay 25,000-25 million eggs a day to ensure completion of life cycle

*Hard outer shell of eggs for protection

105
Q

About ___ species of helminths cause disease in humans.

Pathogenic helminths are frequently called _____.

A

50

Parasites

106
Q

Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms

A
  • distributed in all areas of world
  • about 50 species that cause disease in humans
  • high incidence in tropical areas
  • yearly cases are in the billions and not confined to developing countries
  • conservative estimate of 50 million helminth infections a year in North America alone

Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) (9 decks)

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