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Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Any substance that must be provided to an organism

A

Essential nutrient

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2
Q

Required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

Examples:

  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
A

Macronutrients

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3
Q

Present in much smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of of protein structure.

Examples:

  • Magnesium
  • Zinc
  • Nickel
A

Micronutrients or trace elements

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4
Q

Categorizing Nutrients According to their Carbon Content

A

Inorganic Nutrient

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5
Q

6.1 Outcome

Differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients.

A

Macronutrients are required in larger quantities; they play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Micronutrients are required in much smaller amounts; they are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
-zinc, nickel, manganese

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6
Q

An atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
-natural reservoirs are the crust of the earth, bodies of water, and the atmosphere

A

Inorganic Nutrient

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7
Q

List examples of inorganic nutrients

A

metals and their salts such as magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate

gases like o2, co2

water

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8
Q

Molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the product of living things

A

Organic nutrients

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9
Q

List examples of organic nutrients

A

methane (CH4), and large polymers such as carbos, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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10
Q

Some microbes obtain their nutrients entirely from inorganic sources and other require a _________ of organic and inorganic sources

A

combination

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11
Q

What percent of the dry cell weight is composed of organic compounds?

A

97%

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12
Q

About 96% of the dry cell weight is composed of just six elements, what are they?

A

CHONPS

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

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13
Q

The main determinants of a microbe’s nutritional type are its source of ______ and its source of _____.

A

carbon; energy

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14
Q

An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

A

Heterotroph

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15
Q

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source

  • has the capacity to convert CO2 into organic compounds
  • not nutritionally dependent on living things
A

Autotrophs

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16
Q

Microbes that photosynthesize

A

Phototrophs

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17
Q

Microbes that get their energy from chemical compounds

A

Chemotrophs

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18
Q

What microbes use CO2 as carbon source?

A

Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
-Chemoorganic autotrophs
-Chemolithoautotrophs

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19
Q

What microbes use organic carbon as a carbon source?

A

photoheterotroph
chemoheterotrophs
saprobe
parasite

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20
Q

Define saprobe and parasite and explain why these terms

can be an oversimplification.

A

Saprobe: free-living organisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

Parasites: derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a living host
(range from helminths to viruses)

Parasite is an oversimplification due to the fact that their are endo and ecto parasites that range from viruses to helminths.
-Obligate parasites: unable to grow outside of living host such as leprosy bacillus and syphilis spirochete

Saprobe is an oversimplification because they are decomposers and recycle organic nutrients

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21
Q

Chemoorganic Autotrophs

A

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source

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22
Q

Lithoautotrophs

A

rely totally on inorganic minerals and require neither sunlight nor organic nutrients

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23
Q

Phototrophs vs Chemotrophs

A

P: microbes that use photosynthesis to feed

C: organisms that oxidize compounds to feed on nutrients

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24
Q

Essential to protein synthesis and membrane function

A

Potassium (K)

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25
Q

important for certain types of cell transport

A

Sodium (Na)

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26
Q

Stabilizer of cell wall and endospores of bacteria

A

Calcium (Ca)

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27
Q

component of chlorophyll and a stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes

A

Magnesium (Mg)

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28
Q

Important component of the cytochrome proteins of cell respiration

A

Iron (Fe)

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29
Q

Essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics

A

Zinc (Zn)

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30
Q

Derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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31
Q

Two main categories of chemoheterotrophs

A

Saprobes (free living organisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms)

Parasites (derive organisms from cells or tissues of living hosts)

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32
Q

If not for the work of these decomposers the earth would gradually fill up with organic material and the nutrients it contains would not be recycled

A

Saprobes

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33
Q

Most extreme form of parasite

A

Intracellular parasite

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34
Q

Ectoparasite

A

lives on the body of the host

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35
Q

Endoparasite

A

lives on organs or tissues of host

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36
Q

List the mineral ions used in microbial nutrition

A

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium

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37
Q

List two bacteria that can grow on artificial media

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)

Staphylococcus aureus

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38
Q

The vast majority of microbes causing human disease are ________.

A

chemoheterotrophs

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39
Q

CHONPS are the ______ _______ for microbes.

A

essential nutrients

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40
Q

Among the common organic molecules that can satisfy this requirement are proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids.

A

Carbon

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41
Q

Is a major element in all organic and several inorganic compounds, including water, salts, and certain naturally occurring gases like methane (these gases are used and produced by microbes)

  • Helps maintain cell’s pH, and is useful for forming ____ bonds between molecules.
  • source of free energy in respiration
A

hydrogen

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42
Q

Plays an important role in the structural and enzymatic functions of the cell.

Major component of organic compounds such as carbs, lipids, and nucleic acid, and proteins.

  • a component of inorganic salts such as sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, and water.
  • free gaseous ____ makes up 20% of the atmosphere
A

oxygen

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43
Q

Indispensable to the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP

this gas (N2) makes up 79% of the earth’s atmosphere

A

Nitrogen

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44
Q

Binding factor that helps enzymes adhere to specific sites on DNA

A

Zinc fingers

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45
Q

The bacteria that cause gonorrhea and meningitis grow more rapidly in the presence of _____.

A

Iron (Fe)

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46
Q

Transport of nutrients occurs across the ________ ________.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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47
Q

Phenomenon of molecular movement in which atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density/concentration to an area of lower density/concentration

->think of putting a drop of food coloring into a glass of water, its highly concentrated where the one drop fell, but then it disperses out to areas of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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48
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called _____.

A

Osmosis

49
Q

Have a tonicity that is the same as the body’s plasma.

When administered there will be very little movement if any.

A

Isotonic solution

50
Q

Tonicity that is higher then the body plasma.

A

Hypertonic

51
Q

Tonicity lower than the body plasma, causing water to shift from the intravascular to the extravascular and eventually in cells.

burst

A

Hypotonic

52
Q

Microorganisms living in host tissues are most likely to be living in ______ habitats

A

isotonic

53
Q

Solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the internal environment
;may cause burst

A

hypotonic

54
Q

Slight ________ is tolerated quite well by most bacteria because of their rigid cell walls.

A

hypotonicity

55
Q

Substances move on a gradient from higher to lower concentration with no energy requirements
-limited to small nonpolar molecules like o2 or lipid-soluble molecules that may pass through the membranes

A

Simple Diffusion

-passive transport

56
Q

Substances move on a gradient from higher to lower concentration; no energy required.

  • molecules bind to specific receptors in the membrane and are carried to the other side.
  • Molecule-specific and goes both directions
A

Facilitated Diffusion

-passive transport

57
Q

Driven by ATP or the proton motive force; energy is require to move molecules

-Atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors

A

Carrier-Mediated active transport

-Active Transport

58
Q

Examples of substances transported actively

A 
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Organic acids
Phosphates
Metal ions
59
Q

A form of active transport carried out by eukaryotic cells that is not carrier-mediated

A

Endocytosis

60
Q

The engulfment, or endocytosis, of liquids by extensions of the cell membrane.

A

Pinocytosis

61
Q

A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles.

A

Phagocytosis

62
Q

Minimum temperature

A

the lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s continued growth and metabolism

; below this temperature activity stops

63
Q

Maximum temperature

A

is the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed

; if the temp rises slightly above maximum growth will temporarily stop -> if continued enzymes and nucleic acid will eventually become permanently inactivated/denaturation

64
Q

Optimum Temperature

A

Covers a small range, intermediate between the minimum and maximum, which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

65
Q

Bacterium that only multiplies in the range of 32-38 degrees

A

Typhus bacterium

66
Q

virus that multiplies most successfully in tissues that are slightly below normal body temperatures (33-35 degrees)

A

rhinoviruses

67
Q

A microorganism that has an optimum temperature below 15 degrees Celsius and is still capable of growth at 0 degrees Celsius

A

Psychrophile

68
Q

Microorganisms that grow slowly in cold but have an optimum temperature between 15-30 degrees Celsius

A

Psychrotolerant

69
Q

Organisms that grow at intermediate temperatures (20-40 degrees Celsius)

-> m for medium

A

Mesophiles

70
Q

Most human pathogens grow optimally somewhere between 30 and 40 degrees, which corresponds with the average human body temp of ___ degrees Celsius

A

37 degrees Celsius

71
Q

some mesophilic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus grow optimally between 30 and 40 degrees, but are also __________ psychrotolerant meaning they can survive and multiply slowly at refrigerator temps

A

Facultatively

72
Q

A term used in biology that designates an organism as capable of growing under differing sets of conditions

A

Facultative

73
Q

Microbes that can survive short exposure to high temperatures but are not normally mesophiles

ie. Bacillus and Clostridium

A

Thermoduric microbes

74
Q

A microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45 degrees
(range of 45-80 degrees)

-live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity, in compost piles, and in habitats directly exposed to the sun

A

Thermophile

75
Q

can grow between 80-121 degrees Celsius

A

Extreme thermophiles

76
Q

List three destructive metabolic biproducts of oxygen

A 
superoxide ion (O2-)
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
-> toxic to cells and used as a disinfectant
hydroxyl radicals (OH-)
77
Q

Two Step Process by Cells to Avoid Damage from Oxidation and Oxygen Bi-products

A

Step 1: Enzyme superoxide dismutase converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide

Step 2:
*because hydrogen peroxide is also toxic to cells it must be degraded
Catalase degrades hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

78
Q

Can use oxygen in their metabolism and possess the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products.

Ie. Fungi, protozoa,

A

Aerobe

79
Q

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen

A

Obligate aerobe

80
Q

Organisms that are harmed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but require small amount of it in metabolism

Ex: organisms that live in soil or in mammalian hosts (helicobacter pylori)

A

Microaerophiles

81
Q

Do not require oxygen for metabolism but use it when it is present.

ie. Staphylococci

A

Facultative anaerobes

82
Q

LACK the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration.

Ex: many oral bacteria, intestinal bacteria

A

Anaerobes

83
Q

Also lack enzymes for processing toxic oxygen and die in its presence

A

Obligate anaerobes

84
Q

Do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow to a limited extent in its presence; they are not harmed by oxygen.

Ex: clostridial species

A
85
Q

Although all microbes require some carbon dioxide in their metabolism, ________ grow best at higher CO2 tension than is normally present in the atmosphere.

Ex: Neisseria (a genus causing gonorrhea and meningitis)

A

Capnophiles

86
Q

Majority of organisms are _____ related to pH, and grow between pH 6 and 8.

A

neutrophiles

87
Q

Microorganisms that live at pH extremes.

A

Acidophiles

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The majority of microbes live in hypotonic and/or isotonic solutions.

A

TRUE

89
Q

Microbes that live in habitats with a high solute concentration
; thrives in high osmotic pressure

A

Osmophiles

90
Q

A common type of osmophile that prefers high concentrations of salt.

A

Halophiles

91
Q

Some microbial species produce yellow carotenoid pigments to protect against damaging effects of light by absorbing and dismantling toxic oxygen

;UV rays and ionizing rays can also be damaging

A

Radiation

92
Q

Deep sea microbes that exist under pressures that range from a few times to over 1000 times the pressure of the atmosphere.

; will rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

A

Barophiles

93
Q

An intimate association between individuals from two species (live in a close partnership); used as a synonym for mutualism

A

Symbiosis

94
Q

When organisms live in an obligatory and MUTUALLY beneficial relationship

A

Mutualism (branch of symbiosis)

95
Q

In this relationship the member called the commensal receives benefits, while its partner is neither harmed NOR benefited.

A

Commensalism (branch of symbiosis)

96
Q

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and habitat, while the host suffers and is harmed.
; Microbes that make humans sick fall in this category.

A

Parasitism (branch of symbiosis)

97
Q

An association between free-living species that arises when members of a community compete to live in it.

; in this interaction, one microbe secretes chemical substances into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy another microbe in the same habitat.

A

Antagonism

98
Q

An interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival

A

Synergism

99
Q

The ability of bacteria to regulate their gene expression in response to sensing bacterial density; release of specific chemicals

A

Quorum sensing

100
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Biofilms can have a different pH and oxygen condition than the surface of the biofilm.

A

TRUE

101
Q

Summarize three ways in which microorganisms function in the presence of differing oxygen conditions.

A
  1. Those that use oxygen can detoxify it.

2. Those that can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it. 3. Those that do not use oxygen but CAN detoxify it

102
Q

Identify three important environment factors (other than temp and oxygen) with which organisms must cope.

A

Radiation - think yellow carotenoid pigments

Pressure - think Barophiles (need high pressure)

Osmotic Pressure - think osmophiles (need high solute concentration) and halophiles which need high salt concentration

103
Q

List the essential nutrients for bacteria to survive.

A 
CHONPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Calcium
Iron
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
104
Q

Differ between micro and macro nutrients

A

Macro: HOC
Ex: Carbon, Oxygen, hydrogen: Large quantities used in cell structure and metabolism.

Micro aka: trace elements: MN-Z
EX) , Manganese, Nickel, Zinc: Used in smaller amounts involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.

105
Q

6.3 The parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and then starts to pull its cell envelope together in the center of the cell using a band of protein, the cell wall eventually forms a complete septum between the two to be individual cells. Two daughter cells are formed.

A

Binary fission (bacterial growth process)

106
Q

Time required for a complete fission cycle; also known as doubling time

A

Generation time

107
Q

The average generation time of bacteria

A

30-60 minutes

108
Q

Bacteria in biofilms behave and respond very differently than planktonic (free-living) bacteria because

A

different genes are activated

109
Q

Lag Phase of bacterial growth

A

“flat” period on the graph when the population appears not to be growing or is growing at less than the exponential rate.

110
Q

Exponential Growth Phase of bacterial growth

A

period of max growth

111
Q

Stationary growth phase

A

survival mode in which cells either stop growing or grow very slowly

112
Q

Death Phase

A

end pf the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment and accumulation of wastes. Cells begin to die

113
Q

A description of a state in which bacteria are alive but not metabolizing at an appreciable rate and will not grow when inoculated onto laboratory medium.

A

Viable nonculturable (VNC)

114
Q

Actively growing cells are more vulnerable to growth ________ and _________.

A

inhibition & destruction

115
Q

Turbidity/Turbidometry

A

A clear nutrient solution becomes turbid, or cloudy, as microbes grow in it

The greater the turbidity the larger the population size

-If light cannot be shone through very well this indicates HIGH turbidity

116
Q

An inaccuracy with direct cell count and spectrophotometry is:

A

there is no distinction between dead and live cells

117
Q

Coulter counter

A

electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette; as each cell flows by it is detected on an electronic sensor.

118
Q

Flow Cytometer

A

works similar to a coulter counter but also measures cell size and can differentiate between alive and dead cells

-used to differentiate between gram pos and gram neg bacteria

119
Q

A technique that amplifies segments of DNA for testing. Using denaturation, primers, and heat resistant DNA polymerase, the number can be increased several-million-fold.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Microbiology Exam 1 (Modules 1&2) (9 decks)

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