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diversity of form and function > module 2 - plant life & physiology (exam 1) > Flashcards

module 2 - plant life & physiology (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the key concept of plant formation

A

form (morphology) facilitates function

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2
Q

what are the 2 systems of plants?
what organs do they house?

A

root and shoot
root organs: root
shoot organs: stem & leaves (& buds)

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3
Q

what are the 2 states of plants?

A

vegetative (stems, leaves, no flowers)
reproductive (flowers & fruits as well as stems & leaves)

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4
Q

what are the functions of roots? (3)

A

anchorage
absorption of water & minerals
storage of food & nutrients

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of roots?
note which of these originate from embryo and which originate from the stem

A

tap roots (like carrots) - embryo
fibrous - embryo
adventitious - stem

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6
Q

what are buds?
give characteristics & functions of them

A

buds are undeveloped portions of the shoot made of tiny leaves and cells
terminal buds: at tips of stems
axillary buds: in axils of leaves
buds for branches (vegetative) or flowers (reproductive)

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7
Q

what is the stem’s function?
what is it’s typical form?

A

support, transport, and storage
form is typically elongated, cylindrical, and vertical, but it can differ greatly

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8
Q

what is the main function of leaves?

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

what is the morphology of leaves? why is it like this?

A

leaves are broad and flattened
best for gas uptake and light absorption for photosynthesis

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10
Q

what are the 3 tissue types?
what organs have them?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular tissue
all organs have each of them

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11
Q

what is the dermal tissue system for?

A

it is the outer covering of the plant

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12
Q

what is the ground tissue system for?

A

it carries out photosynthesis, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant

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13
Q

what is vascular tissue for?

A

conducts water and solutes throughout the plant

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14
Q

what are the simplest land plants?
give characteristics of them

A

bryophytes
have a less-specialized anatomy:
single-layer thickness of photosynthetic structures & water-conducting cells are not vascular (lack wall structure needed for pressure gradient that moves water in vascular plants)

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15
Q

what are 4 special features of plant cells?

A

chloroplasts
large vacuoles (for fluid uptake regulation and transport)
cell walls
plasmodesmata (to allow exchange of small molecules between cells

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16
Q

give characteristics of the cell type parenchyma (5)

A

living cells (have a nucleus)
primary cell wall (made of cellulose) only
diverse metabolic processes
most tissues of most organs are parenchyma
leaf epidermis and mesophyll is exclusively parenchyma

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17
Q

give characteristics of cell type sclerenchyma (5)

A

thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
for support and rigidity
dead cells (no cytoplasm or nucleus)
long & slender (fibers)
isodiametric (sclereids)

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17
Q

give characteristics of cell type sclerenchyma (5)

A

thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
for support and rigidity
dead cells (no cytoplasm or nucleus)
long & slender (fibers)
isodiametric (sclereids)

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18
Q

what are two types of transport tissues?

A

xylem (conducts water) and phloem (conducts food)

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19
Q

what are the functions of xylem tissue?

A

transport of water and minerals
support (sturdy tissue)

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20
Q

what are the cell types of xylem tissue?

A

tracheids and vessel elements (for transport)
fibers
parenchyma

21
Q

what is the main function of phloem tissue?

A

transporting sugars

22
Q

what are the cell types of phloem tissue?

A

sieve elements, fibers, and parenchyma

23
Q

what are sieve elements & their companion cells)

A

sieve elements are highly modified, they’re alive but lack a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles
companion cells are adjacent cells to sieve elements and provide many metabolic functions to keep sieve elements alive

24
Q

what is the function of the apical meristem?

A

primary growth
two growing points at the tips of root and the terminal bud (shoot)

25
Q

what are 2 characteristics of meristem cells?

A

not differentiated
can still divide

26
Q

what is vascular cambium (in leaves & buds)?

A

the main growth tissue of many types of plants, especially dicots

27
Q

what is the source of annual rings in plants?

A

different amounts of water are available during different parts of the year

28
Q

movement of water in the xylem is due to _____

A

osmosis
long-distance transport

29
Q

in hypotonic environments, animal cells _____ (swell or burst) and plant cells _____ (swell or burst)

A

burst, swell

30
Q

give characteristics of water potential

A

the uptake of water by a cell plant is limited
volume of water is enclosed by a cell wall - turgor pressure
full cytoplasm exerts positive pressure against the wall & vice versa

31
Q

loss of turgor pressure results in ____

A

wilting of a plant

32
Q

what is the water potential of pure water at 1 atm?

A

potential = 0

33
Q

when solutes are added, is water potential positive or negative?

A

negative

34
Q

water potential is = to _____

A

physical pressure + solute/osmotic pressure

35
Q

water and ions cross the plasma membrane to enter to _____, which has some regulation of uptake

A

symplast

36
Q

water and ions travel into & through cell walls & intercellular spaces in the _____, which has no regulation of uptake

A

apoplast

37
Q

water travels between cells through _______

A

plasmodesmata channels

38
Q

cell walls are made of _____, which is why dead roots can still take up water

A

cellulose (hydrophobic)

39
Q

what is the difference between apoplast & symplast?

A

apoplast is outside the plasma membrane and symplast is inside cells
symplast has plasmodesmata and can make cells act as continuous

40
Q

symplastic movement is ______ and moves which way?

A

continuous
epidermis –> cortex –> endodermis –> xylem

41
Q

apoplastic movement ends at the _______

A

endodermis

42
Q

why are endodermal cells considered “waterproof?”

A

because of the casparian strip made of lignin and wax
blocks apoplastic water movement

43
Q

which part of plants are a primary site of water loss?

A

leaves

44
Q

what regulates the opening of stomata

A

proton pump turned on by absorption of blue light
circadian rhythm

45
Q

what regulates the closing of stomata?

A

when it’s dark, the proton pump is turned off (pH gradient not maintained, K+ and Cl- ions exit guard cells & water follows)
hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced when water stress is detected (& turns off proton pump)

46
Q

how are autotrophs nourished?

A

simple molecules drawn from the environment

47
Q

what is the importance of photosynthesis?

A

it forms carbohydrates for use in respiration and cellulose (cell walls)

48
Q

what does CHOPKNS CaFe Mg stand for & what is it’s importance?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium
to remember the essential minerals for healthy plants

49
Q

how do parasitic plants function?

A

roots of parasitic plant grows into host plant
takes nutrients from host
can be green or not

50
Q

what is the most limiting mineral element?

A

nitrogen

51
Q

what are some adaptations to ensure sufficient nitrogen

A

legumes set up housing for rhizobium bacteria in their roots, which is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that converts N2 to ammonium

diversity of form and function (6 decks)

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