Module 2 Personal values Flashcards
Expansive Values
Values that create an opportunity for organizations to change ethical standards that potentially challenge an orgnaizations ability to align with complex and changing valvues of the stakeholders
What Influences Ethical Behavior?
Ethical behavior is influenced by an individual’s religion, personality, politics, ethical training and the organizational cultures. The perceptions of situations are filtered through our personal values
What are Terminal Values?
Terminal Values are the end result values that indicate what you want your life to ultimately be about when your time on life is over
What are Instrumental Values?
Instrumental values ae what we traditionally discuss in relation to moral and ethical behavior. These values moderate our daily behavior, based on associated consequences.
How is materialistic concens involved?
The authors of “the ethical aftermath of a valuves revolution” believe that those that hold expansive values will continue to have materialistic concerns.
What is the significans Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Kohlberg’s states of moral development are used to explain the development of moral reasoning. According to Kohlberg each of the siz stages increased the ability to respond to complex moral dilemmas.
What are the six stages of Kohlberg’s moral development?
- Obedience or Punishment Orientation. 2. Self Interest Orientation. 3. Social Conformity 4. Law and Order. 5. Social Contract 6. Universal Ethics.
What are the parts of Cognitive Bias?
Anchoring and Adjustment, Availabity, Escalation of commitment, Fundamental attribution error, Hindsight.
Anchoring and Adjustment
Occurs when individuals react to arbitary or irrelevant numbers when setting financial or other numerical targets.
Avaialability
Occurs when more readily availaible information is incorrectly assessed to also be more likely. Example, people think automobile accidents kill more that stomach cancer, reality is stomach cancer kills 100 to 1
Escalation of commitment
Occurs when individuals continue on a failing course of action even after it becomes clear that this may be a poor path to follow. (example Gambling)
Fundamental attribution error.
Occurs when good outcomes are attributed to personal characterisitics. (e.g. intellegence) but undesirable outcomes are attributed to external circumstances. (e.g. weather).
Hindsight
Occurs when mistakes seem obvious after they have already occurred. Second guessing failed plays on the football field = Monday morning quarterback
Judgements about correlation and causality
Occurs when individuals make inaccurate atrributions about the cause of events. Theree things are necessary to determine cause, or why one element affects another: Correlation (do sales increase when marketing increasees). Temporal order (does marking spending occur before sales or increase) Ruling out other potential causes (is something else causing sales to increase: better products, more employees, recession, competitor going bankrupt).
Temporal Order
Temporal order (does marketing spending occur before sales increase) Ruling out other potential causes (is something else causing sales to increase: better products, more employees. recession, competitor going bankrupt}
Misunderstandings about sampling
Misunderstandings about sampling: Occurs when individual draw broad conclusions from small sets of observations instead of more reliable sources of information derived from large. randomly drawn samples.
Overconfidence
Using instincts instead ofhard facts Overconfidence: Occurs when individuals are more confident in their abilities to predict an event than logic suggests is actually possible. Two-thirds oflawyers in civil cases believe their side will emerge victorious
Representativeness and Framing
Representativeness and Framing: Occurs when the way information is presented alters the decision an individual will make. Managers using stereotypes ofsimilar occurrences when makingjudgments or decisions
Satisficing
Satisficing: Occurs when individuals settle for the first acceptable alternative instead of seeking the best possible optimal decision. You complete a Google search to help you make a decision about an ethical issue. You take the first option on the page and do not look any further.
Conventional level
Most adults are at the conventional level
of cognitive moral development and their
action is based on what others think, say.
and do.
Cognitive moral development
According to cognitive moral development theory. individuals move to a higher reasoning stage when there is a contradiction between his or her current moral reasoning stage and the next higher one.
Mindfulness method
A mindfulness method for teaching business ethics is a way to approach helping business students increase their ability to review ethical issues and make good judgments.
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is defined as ?paying attention
on purpose.-. in the present moment, and
non-judgmentally.?This helps students
review the complexity of ethical dilemmas.
Mindfulness based education
Mindfulness based education is designed
to help students raise their consciousness
to understand their self deceptive thinking
processes, while also helping them
become aware and introspective
Mindless cognitive process
We are often stuck in one way of thinking locked by our perception of a situation. This results from our mind being locked into a mindless cognitive process from being in a looped. closed system.
Rationalization
Rationalization is often used to justify
unethical actions already taken. This can
result in a slippery slope leading to more
ethical lapses.
Engaging emotions
Engaging emotions increases the
integration of learning about ethics.
Internal Culture
The internal culture of the organization is a
factor in the way that ethical dilemmas are
defined by the individual. Organizational
culture can conflict with the personal
values of employees.
Codes of Conduct
The organization can
create codes of conduct and/or ethics
codes that support ethical conduct.
