Module 2 Personal values Flashcards
Expansive Values
Values that create an opportunity for organizations to change ethical standards that potentially challenge an orgnaizations ability to align with complex and changing valvues of the stakeholders
What Influences Ethical Behavior?
Ethical behavior is influenced by an individual’s religion, personality, politics, ethical training and the organizational cultures. The perceptions of situations are filtered through our personal values
What are Terminal Values?
Terminal Values are the end result values that indicate what you want your life to ultimately be about when your time on life is over
What are Instrumental Values?
Instrumental values ae what we traditionally discuss in relation to moral and ethical behavior. These values moderate our daily behavior, based on associated consequences.
How is materialistic concens involved?
The authors of “the ethical aftermath of a valuves revolution” believe that those that hold expansive values will continue to have materialistic concerns.
What is the significans Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
Kohlberg’s states of moral development are used to explain the development of moral reasoning. According to Kohlberg each of the siz stages increased the ability to respond to complex moral dilemmas.
What are the six stages of Kohlberg’s moral development?
- Obedience or Punishment Orientation. 2. Self Interest Orientation. 3. Social Conformity 4. Law and Order. 5. Social Contract 6. Universal Ethics.
What are the parts of Cognitive Bias?
Anchoring and Adjustment, Availabity, Escalation of commitment, Fundamental attribution error, Hindsight.
Anchoring and Adjustment
Occurs when individuals react to arbitary or irrelevant numbers when setting financial or other numerical targets.
Avaialability
Occurs when more readily availaible information is incorrectly assessed to also be more likely. Example, people think automobile accidents kill more that stomach cancer, reality is stomach cancer kills 100 to 1
Escalation of commitment
Occurs when individuals continue on a failing course of action even after it becomes clear that this may be a poor path to follow. (example Gambling)
Fundamental attribution error.
Occurs when good outcomes are attributed to personal characterisitics. (e.g. intellegence) but undesirable outcomes are attributed to external circumstances. (e.g. weather).
Hindsight
Occurs when mistakes seem obvious after they have already occurred. Second guessing failed plays on the football field = Monday morning quarterback
Judgements about correlation and causality
Occurs when individuals make inaccurate atrributions about the cause of events. Theree things are necessary to determine cause, or why one element affects another: Correlation (do sales increase when marketing increasees). Temporal order (does marking spending occur before sales or increase) Ruling out other potential causes (is something else causing sales to increase: better products, more employees, recession, competitor going bankrupt).
Temporal Order
Temporal order (does marketing spending occur before sales increase) Ruling out other potential causes (is something else causing sales to increase: better products, more employees. recession, competitor going bankrupt}
