Module 2 (part two) Flashcards
What is the purpose of secretin?
released by the duodenum and signals the release of pancreatic juices rich in bicarbonate and stimulates the liver to secrete bile into the gallbladder
Cholecystokinin does what?
Released by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.
What is simple diffusion?
Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration.
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in a direction that will equalize the concentration of dissolved substances on both sides.
what are the components of the large intestine
- colon
- rectum
- intestinal microflora
What is the mucosa?
the layer of tissue lining the GI tract and other body cavities.
What is the barrier function?
The protective role that GI cells have in limiting the absorption of harmful substances and disease - causing organisms.
What is an Anti - gen vs an Anti body?
Antigens stimulates a immune response while Antibodies are proteins produced by cells to destroy or inactivate substances in the body
What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that accelerate the rate of specific chemical reactions without being changed themselves.
The first immune cells that respond are called what? and what detects it?
Phagocytes respond, signaling lymphocytes to release antibodies
What is salivary amylase? Lysozyme?
Salivary amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starches in the saliva, while lysozyme is in saliva, tears and sweat and it can destroy certain types of bacteria
What is the little flap of elastic connective tissue at the back of the throat that covers the opening of the passage way to the lungs during swallowing.
Epiglottis
What is peristalsis?
Coordinates muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract.
What hormones are made from cholesterol?
Steroid hormones - estrogen, testosterone, glucocorticoids
What happens to substances that cant be absorbed by the body like fiber?
Excreted through feces
What substance is excreted by the lungs?
Carbon dioxide
What are nephrons?
Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons (maintains, balance and filters) they consist of a glomerulus where blood is filtered and tubules where molecules can be reabsorbed. Unused components are passed own to be excreted in urine.
What is lost in sweat and perspiration through the skin?
minerals, water, protein, and products
What are two lipids that are important in nutrition? (besides triglycerides)
Phospholipids and sterols
What is the structure and purpose of phospholipids?
types of fat with phosphorus, most common being phosophoglycerides that have a glyceral backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached.
What is the structure and purpose of sterols?
Made of chemical rings, most prominent sterol is cholesterol
What makes a saturated fatty acid saturated?
Every carbon molecule in its chain is connected to a hydrogen molecule
What are the two most common saturated fatty acids?
Palmatic acid and stearic acid
Why are tropical oils called that? 🥥
They are used to describe saturated fatty acids from tropical foods - coconuts, palm
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
- Monounsaturated fatty acids are acids containing one double bond, most common is oleic acid - beef, olive oil, canola oil.
- polyunsaturated fatty acids are acids with more than one double bond. Most common is linoleic acid - safflower. corn, and soybean oils.
The more unsaturated bonds a fatty acid has, the more likely it is to liquid at room temp.
The different types of unsaturated fatty acids depends on the location of the first double bond, what is Om -3 and Om -6’s carbon locations?
Omega - 3
3 and 4th
Omega -6
6 and 7th
What are emulsifiers? hint: bile is an example
Substances that allow water and fats to mix together by breaking large fat gobules into smaller ones.
What is the lipid bilayer?
two layers of phosphoglyceride molecules oriented so that the fat soluble fatty acids tails are sandwiched between the water - soluble phosphate containing heads. Helps form the barrier which substances pass in and out of cells.
what is lecithin?
a phosphoglyceride composed of a glyceral backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group and a molecule of choline
What is the part that lipases have in the breaking down of fats?
Lipases are fat digesting enzymes that are excreted from the pancreas and break down small fat globules into triglycerides and monoglycerides. The fats then mix with bile to create micelles. The bile coatings of micelles aid in the absorption of the fats in the mucosal cell.
What are lipoproteins?
Lipoproteins have a core of triglycerides and cholesterol with an outer layer of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol that transport lipids in the blood and lymph.
How are chylomicrons formed?
They are formed by the mucosal cells through reassembled triglyceride, cholesterol, proteins and phospholipids to form chylomicrons
What is a LDL receptor?
A protein on the surface of cells that binds to LDL particles that allows their contents to be taken up for use by the cell.
