Module 2 (part two)

Question 1

What is the purpose of secretin?

Answer 1

released by the duodenum and signals the release of pancreatic juices rich in bicarbonate and stimulates the liver to secrete bile into the gallbladder

Question 2

Cholecystokinin does what?

Answer 2

Released by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.

Question 3

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 3

Movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Question 4

What is osmosis?

Answer 4

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in a direction that will equalize the concentration of dissolved substances on both sides.

Question 5

what are the components of the large intestine

Answer 5

• colon
• rectum
• intestinal microflora

Question 6

What is the mucosa?

Answer 6

the layer of tissue lining the GI tract and other body cavities.

Question 7

What is the barrier function?

Answer 7

The protective role that GI cells have in limiting the absorption of harmful substances and disease - causing organisms.

Question 8

What is an Anti - gen vs an Anti body?

Answer 8

Antigens stimulates a immune response while Antibodies are proteins produced by cells to destroy or inactivate substances in the body

Question 9

What are enzymes?

Answer 9

Protein molecules that accelerate the rate of specific chemical reactions without being changed themselves.

Question 10

The first immune cells that respond are called what? and what detects it?

Answer 10

Phagocytes respond, signaling lymphocytes to release antibodies

Question 11

What is salivary amylase? Lysozyme?

Answer 11

Salivary amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starches in the saliva, while lysozyme is in saliva, tears and sweat and it can destroy certain types of bacteria

Question 12

What is the little flap of elastic connective tissue at the back of the throat that covers the opening of the passage way to the lungs during swallowing.

Answer 12

Epiglottis

Question 13

What is peristalsis?

Answer 13

Coordinates muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract.

Question 14

What hormones are made from cholesterol?

Answer 14

Steroid hormones - estrogen, testosterone, glucocorticoids

Question 15

What happens to substances that cant be absorbed by the body like fiber?

Answer 15

Excreted through feces

Question 16

What substance is excreted by the lungs?

Answer 16

Carbon dioxide

Question 17

What are nephrons?

Answer 17

Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons (maintains, balance and filters) they consist of a glomerulus where blood is filtered and tubules where molecules can be reabsorbed. Unused components are passed own to be excreted in urine.

Question 18

What is lost in sweat and perspiration through the skin?

Answer 18

minerals, water, protein, and products

Question 19

What are two lipids that are important in nutrition? (besides triglycerides)

Answer 19

Phospholipids and sterols

Question 20

What is the structure and purpose of phospholipids?

Answer 20

types of fat with phosphorus, most common being phosophoglycerides that have a glyceral backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached.

Question 21

What is the structure and purpose of sterols?

Answer 21

Made of chemical rings, most prominent sterol is cholesterol

Question 22

What makes a saturated fatty acid saturated?

Answer 22

Every carbon molecule in its chain is connected to a hydrogen molecule

Question 23

What are the two most common saturated fatty acids?

Answer 23

Palmatic acid and stearic acid

Question 24

Why are tropical oils called that? 🥥

Answer 24

They are used to describe saturated fatty acids from tropical foods - coconuts, palm

Question 25

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 25

- Monounsaturated fatty acids are acids containing one double bond, most common is oleic acid - beef, olive oil, canola oil. - polyunsaturated fatty acids are acids with more than one double bond. Most common is linoleic acid - safflower. corn, and soybean oils. The more unsaturated bonds a fatty acid has, the more likely it is to liquid at room temp.

Question 26

The different types of unsaturated fatty acids depends on the location of the first double bond, what is Om -3 and Om -6's carbon locations?

Answer 26

Omega - 3 3 and 4th Omega -6 6 and 7th

Question 27

What are emulsifiers? hint: bile is an example

Answer 27

Substances that allow water and fats to mix together by breaking large fat gobules into smaller ones.

Question 28

What is the lipid bilayer?

Answer 28

two layers of phosphoglyceride molecules oriented so that the fat soluble fatty acids tails are sandwiched between the water - soluble phosphate containing heads. Helps form the barrier which substances pass in and out of cells.

Question 29

what is lecithin?

Answer 29

a phosphoglyceride composed of a glyceral backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group and a molecule of choline

Question 30

What is the part that lipases have in the breaking down of fats?

Answer 30

Lipases are fat digesting enzymes that are excreted from the pancreas and break down small fat globules into triglycerides and monoglycerides. The fats then mix with bile to create micelles. The bile coatings of micelles aid in the absorption of the fats in the mucosal cell.

Question 31

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 31

Lipoproteins have a core of triglycerides and cholesterol with an outer layer of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol that transport lipids in the blood and lymph.

Question 32

How are chylomicrons formed?

Answer 32

They are formed by the mucosal cells through reassembled triglyceride, cholesterol, proteins and phospholipids to form chylomicrons

Question 33

What is a LDL receptor?

Answer 33

A protein on the surface of cells that binds to LDL particles that allows their contents to be taken up for use by the cell.