Module 2 key concepts

Question 1

Variables

Answer 1

things that vary

Question 2

independent variable

Answer 2

variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable
- variable that is manipulated

Question 3

dependent variable

Answer 3

outcome variable of interest

- effect of the independent variable

Question 4

confounding variable

Answer 4

extraneous variable that may relate to either the independent or dependent variable
impacts the understanding of the effect of the IV on the DV

Question 5

internal validity

Answer 5

degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental intervention (IV) rather than the uncontrolled factors is responsible for the observed effects

Question 6

external validity

Answer 6

degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other that the one studied.

Question 7

inverse relationship

Answer 7

internal and external validity

- more rigid control to increase internal validity decreases external validity, or ability to generalize findings

Question 8

internal validity threats

Answer 8

selection bias
mortality
maturation
instrumentation
testing 
history

Question 9

external validity threats

Answer 9

selection effect
measurement effect
reactive effect

Question 10

reliability

Answer 10

refers to consistency, stability, or the absence of variation
- ability to replicate measurement under several situations

Question 11

generalizability

Answer 11

extent to which research findings can be applied to situations beyond those in the immediate group that was studied.

• external validity
• to wham are results applicable and to what degree