Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NRS121: Pathophysiology & Pharmacology > Module 2: Integumentary System health Changes > Flashcards

Module 2: Integumentary System health Changes Flashcards

1
Q

The skin has three layers- what are they?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous layer

Module 2, lecture 1, integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

The skin- this includes (hair and nails).

Has the largest surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the causes of cellular injury- give examples.

A
  • physical agents (radiation, including ultraviolet rad), trauma, pressure/blunt force and penetrating, burns etc.
  • Chemical agents- (acids, toxins, TIC’s and TIM’s, plant toxins
  • Environmental changes - (hyper/hypothermia, dry and wet conditions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathophysiology in the integementary system can be catagorized into 4 groups. What are they?

A
  1. Neoplasia and cancers;
  2. Inflammatory conditions;
  3. Traumatic conditions; and
  4. Vascular disorders.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are skin lesions?

A

A pathalogical or traumatic breach of the normal skin.

  • skin has abnormal appearance compared to skin around it.
  • Primary skin lesions are those that develope as a direct result of the disease process, and appear as ‘normal’ lesions.
  • Secondary lesions- evolve from primary lesions or develope as a consequence of the persons activities, & appearance has changed over time.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Primary skin lesions?

A

Lesions that develope as a direct result if the disease process, and appear as ‘original lesions’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are ‘Secondary lesions’?

A

Lesions that evolve from primary lesions or develope as a consequence of thr persons wctivities (sun-damage), and have an appearance that has changed over time.

Have the boarders changed? Is it raised? Has the colour changed etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ‘Morphology’?

A

The form, structure snd physical appearance of the lesion.

The morphology indicated the pathophysiology of the lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Primary lesion morphology includes what?

A
  1. Macule - a flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the colour of the skin; less than 1cm in diameter.
  2. Papule - an elevated circumscribed area less than 1cm in diameter.
  3. Patch - a flat, non palpable, irregular- shaped macule more than 1cm in diameter.

Circumscribed means there is a clearly defined edge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary lesion morphology.

Describe a ‘Plaque’

A

Elevated, firm and rough lesion with a flat too surface grater than 1cm in diameter.

Think ciriasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary lesion Morphology.

Describe a ‘wheal’

A

An elevated, irregular shaped area if cutaneous oedema: solid, transient; variable diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Promary lesion morphology

Define a ‘Nodule’

A

An elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in dermis than a papule, 1-2cm in diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary lesion morphology

Define a ‘Tumor’

A

Tumour- elevated solid lesion; may be clearly demarcated; deeper in dermis; greater than 2cms in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary lesion morphology

Define a ‘vesicle’

A

Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, does not extend to the dermis, filled with serous fluid; less than 1cm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Primary lesion morphology.

Define a ‘Bulla’

A

A vesicle greater than 1cm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary lesion morphology-

Define a ‘pustule’

A

Elevated, superficial, similar to vescicle but filled with purulent fluid (acne)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary lesion morphology

Define a ‘cyst’

A

Elevated, corcumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer; filled with liquid or fiberous material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary lesion morphology.

Define a ‘Telangiectasia’

A

Fine, irregular red lines produced by capilary dilations. Think if your leg :(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Define a ‘sacle’

A

Heaped up, keeatinised cells, flaky skin, irregular shape, thick or thin, dry or oily, variation in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Describe a ‘Lichenification’

A

Rough, thickened epidermis, secondary persistent rubbing, itching or skin irritation; often involves flexor surface or extremity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Describe a ‘keloid’

A

Irregular shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar, grows beyond the boundaries of the wound; caused by excessive collagen formation during healing

22
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Describe a ‘scar’

A

Thin to thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following an injury or laceration to the dermis

23
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Describe ‘Excoriation’

A

Loss of the epidermis; linear, hollowed-out, crusted

24
Q

Secondary lesion morphology

Describe a ‘Fissure’

A

Linesr crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis; may be moist or dry

25
Secondary lesion morphology ‘Erosion’
Loss of part of the epidermis, moist, glistening, follows rupture of a vescicle or bulla
26
Secondary lesion morphology ‘Ulcer’
Loss of epidermis and dermis, concave; varies in size
27
Secondary lesion morphology ‘Atrophy’
Thinning of the skin surface and loss of skin markings
28
What are the highest prevalance ofnskin cancers in Australia?
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
29
Cancer is _______and ________proliferation of cells, specifically ____________ tumours or ___________.
Uncontrolled, rapid, malignant, neoplasms
30
Neoplasia and neoplasm means…
‘New formation’ and ‘ abnormal growth’
31
Define ‘metastasis’
When malignant tumours grow rapidly and invade local structures and tissues and spread to distant sites through lymphatic and blood vessels.
32
Define ‘benign’ tumours
Slow growing, encapsulated, maintain cell differentiation and do not invade/ metastasise.
33
Define ‘malignant tumours’
Grow rapidly, lack differentiation (anaplasia) snd organisation, are not encapsulated, invade local structures & can metastisize.
34
Cancer fundamentals. Uncrontrolled growth in cancer is due to what’
Mutations - particularly in the genes that nirmally regulare the cell cycle.
35
Cancer fundamentals. What do ‘Proto-oncogenes’ do?
Encode proteins that regulate when cells progress through the cell cycle to mitosis. - a mutated proto-oncogene is a ‘ONCOGENE’, protein becomes too active & accelerates cell division.
36
Cancer fundamentals. Tmuor supressor genes do what?
Encode proteins that stop the cell cycle and check for mistakes, correcting them is possible OR starting ‘apoptosis’. - a mutated tumour supressor gene can’t stop the cycle and it will progress without checking.
37
Cancer fundamentals. Cell cycle
Biointeractive.org Bioninja.org
38
Cancer fundamentals. Describe ‘basal cell carcinoma’ (BCC)
- Most common skin cancer - arises from dividing cells at ‘basal layer’ of the epidermis - repeated exposure to solar UV radiation, especially ultraviolet B - exposure during childhood & tennage years - both UVA & UVB damage DNA - UVB is absorbed by DNA, causing damage to genes - UVA causes DNA damage by generating O2, breaking DNA molecule - alterations in tumour supressor genes for BCC.
39
Cancer fundamentals. BCC- list defining features
- slow growing tumours- rarely metastisize - most frequent on body, face, head, neck & shoulders - three common growth patterns each with unique clinical features. 1. Superficial- common. Lesions are flat, erythematous, scaling macules with colour change. If untreated will enlarge 2. Nodular - common in elderly. Begin as pink nodule, elarged, becomes ulcer surrounded by a raised, rolled pearly boarder. 3. Morphoeic- sclerosing (hardens) growth oattern, pale scar that feels hard on palpation.
40
What is the treatment for BCC?
- complete surgical excision with 4-5mm margin - highly aggressive - mohs surgery, margins examined - non-aggressive = cryotherapy
41
Cancer fundamentals. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Define the characteristics
- second most common cancer - arises from keratinocytes in outer later of epidermis - may arise from skin or other sites lined by squamous epithelium eg. Oesophagus, bucal musosa, vagina - precurser lesions, invasive & may metastisize - aetiology- cumulativr sun exposure - treatment similar to BCC
42
Cancer fundamentals. SCC pre-cancerous = what disease?
Bowen’s disease. - abnormal keratinocytes confined to the epidermis. - lesions are full thickness of the epidermis, well-demarcated, erythematous scaly patches io to several centimetrrs in diameter. Most common on hands, face, ears etc. - will progress to invasive disease. Development of lump of bleeding may indicate lesion progression to invasive SCC.
43
Cancer fundamentals. Describe ‘Melanoma’ characteristics.
Highest incidence of melanoma in australia. - arises from melanocytes, pigment cells producing melanin. - rapid progression with high rates if metastasis. - cause involves both environmental and genetic factors. - intemittent exposure to UV rad, individuals with bad sunburn, fair hair/skin etc higher risk
44
Describe the pathophysiology of melanoma
Environmental factor > genetic alteration > change to melanocyte > clinical appearance
45
Describe the various Types of dermatitis and their pathophysiology.
Dermatitis - eczema Exogenous- Endrogenous- Learning objectives Module 2, Lecture 2
46
Desscribe the oathophysiology of acne
Learning objectives | Module 2, Lecture 2
47
Dermatitis is the i flammation of the ‘dermis’. It is caused my eczema - which is…
The most common inflammatory condition of the skin. Learning objectives Module 2, Lecture 2
48
Dermatitis is of what aetiology?
Exogenous - irritant contact dermatitis & allergic contact dermatitis and; Endogenous - atopic dermatitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Learning objectives Module 2, Lecture 2- slide 4
49
Acute dermatitis is associated with what symptoms?
Puritis - itchy skin Erythema - Vescicles - Scales - Learning objectives Module 2, Lecture 2
50
Chronic dermatitis manifestations include;
Pruritis Dryness of the skin, Skin thickening Hyperpigmentation and sometimes fissures.
51
What is ‘seborrhoeic dermatitis’
Malassezia yeasts, affects areas rich in sebaceous glands eg. Scalp (cradle cap/ dandruff), eyebrows, nasolabial folds, behind the ears, axille, chest. Scaly white or yellow plaques, treated with shampoos containing sulphur, salcylic acid, zinc purithione or tar.
52
List the characteristics of ‘irritant contact dermatitis’
- most common in nurses- affecting hands, occupational skin disorder. - non-allergenic inflammatory response to chemical or phsyical agents, from either one or many exposures. - common trigger substances- water, soap, detergents, oils, acids and rubber. - environmental factors such as UV, heat, low humidity = > seramine production. - friction etc

NRS121: Pathophysiology & Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions