Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSIOPSYC > Module 2 - h.o. ver. > Flashcards

Module 2 - h.o. ver. Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of the nervous system

A

central n.s. and peripheral n.s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the CNS consists of

A

the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the PNS consists of

A

the nerves outside the skull and spinal cord and the sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neuron that detects changes in the internal or external environment

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neuron that controls muscular contractions to create movement

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neuron that lies in between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

basic structure of a neuron

A

soma, dendrites, axon, and terminal buttons (+ axoplasmic transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the junction between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the somatic or dendritic membrane of the receiving cell

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

often covered by the myelin sheath; carries the action potential

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

site of neurotransmitter release

A

terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

types of axoplasmic transport

A

anterograde and retrograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

transport wherein movement goes from the soma to the terminal buttons; accomplished by the protein kinesin; remarkably fast, up to 500mm/day

A

anterograde axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

transport wherein movement is from the terminal buttons to the soma; uses the protein dynein; about half as fast as anterograde transport

A

retrograde axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

internal structure of a neuron

A

membrane, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, golgi apparatus, mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

boundary of the cell; contains proteins

A

membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gives the neuron its shape; composed of microtubules

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

jellylike fluid containing organelles

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

produces ribosomes, which synthesize protein

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

contain genes; consist of long strands of DNA; when active, genes produce mRNA

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosomes; codes for proteins, including enzymes

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

forms of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes and produces proteins destined for secretion

A

rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum that channels for molecules involved in various cellular processes; produces lipid molecules

A

smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a special kind of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

assembles and packages product in a membrane; produces lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

process by which cell secretes packaged substances; occurs in the Golgi apparatus

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

sacs contains enzymes that break down waste products

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

extract energy from nutrients; synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

supporting cells in the CNS

A

glia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

supports cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

types of Glia cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glia cell that controls chemical environment around neurons; processes (arms) wrap around neurons and blood vessels; help nourish neurons; act as “glue”; surround and isolate synapses to limit dispersion of neurotransmitters; remove debris via phagocytosis

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glia cells that produce the myelin sheath in the CNS; node of Ranvier (space on axon between tubes of myelin)

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Glia cells that act as phagocytes; protect the brain from invading organisms (immune system function)

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

produce myelin in the PNS; help after injury

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

true or false. 1 segment of myelin=1 Schwann cell

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how do Schwann cells help with injury?

A
  • digestion of dead and dying axons

- form tubes for axon regrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

true or false. glial cells in the CNS provides the same support Schwann cells do in the PNs for axon regrowth

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

true or false. chemical composition of myelin in PNS differs from that of the CNS and is not affected by multiple sclerosis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

a selectively permeable barrier that

  • controls composition of substances inside and outside of neurons
  • active transport ferries many molecules into the CNS
  • is more permeable in some areas (e.g. area postrema)
A

the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

withdrawal reflex; inhibition of withdrawal reflex

A

neural communication overview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

small electrical recording device

A

microelectrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the difference in charge (+, -) across the membrane

A

membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

membrane resting potential

A

70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hyperpolarized membrane potential

A

the inside is more negative than outside

47
Q

depolarized membrane potential

A

the inside is more positive than the outside

48
Q

the main electrical event of an axon; characterized by rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization

A

action potential

49
Q

the action potential is triggered by -

A

the threshold of excitation

50
Q

research model to understand the action potential

A

squid’s giant axon

51
Q

how large is the squid’s axon?

A

0.5mm in diameter

52
Q

the membrane potential is a balance between which two forces?

A

diffusion and elecrotstatic pressure

53
Q

force wherein molecules distribute evenly throughout a medium over time

A

diffusion

54
Q

true or false. without barriers, molecules flow from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (diffusion)

A

true

55
Q

the force of attraction/repulsion between charges

A

electrostatic pressure

56
Q

molecules that split into two parts with opposing charges

A

electrolytes

57
Q

kinds of ions

A

cations (+) and anions (-)

58
Q

ions in the extracellular and intercellular fluid

A

organic anions, potassium ions, chloride ions, and sodium ions

59
Q

ions inside the cell; unable to pass through the membrane

A

organic anions

60
Q

ions concentrated inside the membrane; diffusion pushes it out while electrostatic pressure pushes it in; little net movement

A

potassium ions

61
Q

ions concentrated outside; diffusion pushes it in while electrostatic pressure pushes it out; little net movement

A

chloride ions

62
Q

ions concentrated outside the membrane; diffusion pushes it in while electrostatic pressure pushes it out

A

sodium ions

63
Q

helps keep concentration of Na+ (sodium ions) low inside the neuron; uses high levels of energy

A

sodium-potassium pump

64
Q

the sodium-potassium pump exchanges - in for - out

A

two K+ (potassium); three Na+ (sodium)

65
Q

the sodium-potassium membrane is relatively impermeable to -

A

Na+ (sodium ions)

66
Q

form pores through the membrane that permit ions to enter or leave the cell; changes permeability of membrane

A

ion channels

67
Q

explain the sequence of events of an action potential

A
  1. at threshold of excitation, voltage-dependent ion channels open and Na+ enters cell (membrane potential moves from -70mV to +40mV)
  2. voltage dependent K+ channels begin to open and K+ leaves the cell
  3. Na+ channels close and become refractory at the peak of the action potential
  4. K+ continues to leave the cell until the membrane potential nears normal
  5. Na+ channels reset
  6. membrane overshoots resting potential, but returns to normal as K+ diffuses
68
Q

the action potential either occurs or does not

A

all-or-none law

69
Q

once the action potential is initiated, it is transmitted to -

A

the end of the axon

70
Q

rate of firing reveals strength of information

A

rate law

71
Q

action potential moves passively under the myelin, experiencing decremental conduction

A

saltatory conduction

72
Q

in saltatory conduction, the action potential is regenerated where?

A

at each node of Ranvier

73
Q

advantages of saltatory conduction

A
  • neurons expend less energy (ATP) to maintain ion balance

- faster conduction

74
Q

the transfer of information from one neuron to another across another synapse; relies on neurotransmitters; many found on dendrites or dendritic spine, can occur on some and other axons

A

synaptic transmission

75
Q

how does the synaptic transmission rely on neurotransmitters?

A
  1. produce postsynaptic potentials

2. attach to receptor at binding site with complementary shape

76
Q

a chemical that attaches to a binding site

A

ligand

77
Q
  • are natural ligands
A

neurotransmitters

78
Q

terminal buttons preceding the synpase

A

presynaptic membrane

79
Q

the membrane of the neuron receiving a signal

A

postsynaptic membrane

80
Q

the synaptic cleft contains - and is - wide

A

extracellular fluid; 20nm

81
Q

located in terminal buttons, near the release zone; hold neurotransmitters; transport proteins and fills vesicles with neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

82
Q

small synaptic vesicles are produced by - in the - or from -

A

Golgi apparatus; soma; recycled material in terminal buttons

83
Q

true or false. large synaptic vesicles are produced only in the soma

A

true

84
Q

the location of neurotransmitter release in synaptic vesicles

A

release zone

85
Q

synaptic vesicles fused with the membrane

A

omega figures

86
Q

steps from action potential to release

A
  1. Vesicles “dock” against membrane via proteins on vesicle binding with proteins on presynaptic membrane
  2. Action potential results in opening of voltage-dependent Ca++ channels
  3. Ca++ enters the cells
  4. Binds with docking proteins on presynaptic membrane and causes them to separate (thereby forming the fusion pore)
  5. Neurotransmitter released to synaptic cleft
87
Q

three pools of synaptic vesicles

A

release-ready, recycling, and reserve

88
Q

pool of synaptic vesicles that are docked against the inside of the presynaptic membrane; < 1% of vesicles; open even with low rate of firing

A

ready-release pool

89
Q

pool that make up 10-15% of vesicles

A

recycling pool

90
Q

pool that makes up 85-90% of vesicles; only open with high rate of axon firing

A

reserve pool

91
Q

after neurotransmitter release, pore closes, vesicle undocks and moves to be refilled with neurotransmitter

A

“kiss and run”

92
Q

process of bulk endocytosis

A

“merge and recycle”

93
Q

postsynaptic receptor receives neurotransmitter, opening neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels

A

activation of receptors

94
Q

two classes of postsynaptic receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

95
Q

postsynaptic receptors wherein binding of the neurotransmitter opens channels; direct method

A

ionotropic receptors

96
Q

postsynaptic receptors wherein activation of G protein produces second messenger; indirect method (requiring metabolic energy); close to a G protein

A

metabotropic receptors

97
Q

true or false. potential takes and lasts longer in ionotropic receptors compared to metabotropic receptors

A

false

98
Q

kinds of postsynaptic potentials

A

excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP)

99
Q

postsynaptic potential that is depolarizing

A

excitatory

100
Q

postsynaptic potential that is hyperpolarizing

A

inhibitory

101
Q

termination of postsynaptic potentials occur through

A

reuptake and enzymatic deactivation

102
Q

wherein enzymes destroy neurotransmitters in the synapse (e.g. acetylcholine (ACh) by acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

A

enzymatic degradation

103
Q

disease characterized by muscular weaknesses; immune system attacks its own Ach receptors; can be treated by drug that blocks AChE, increasing ACh

A

myasthenia gravis

104
Q

receptors that respond to neurotransmitters that they themselves released; metabotropic receptors with generally inhibitory effects; help regulate the amount of neurotransmitter released and available for use

A

autoreceptors

105
Q

other types of synapses

A

axoaxonic, dendrodendritic, gap junction

106
Q

synapse that alters the amount of neurotransmitters released; presynaptic inhibition and facilitation

A

axoaxonic

107
Q

synapse with regulatory functions

A

dendrodendritic

108
Q

synapse that is electrical rather than chemical; ions flow between cells; more common in invertebrates

A

gap junction

109
Q

released by neurons in larger amounts and diffused for longer distances than neurotransmitters

A

neuromodulators

110
Q

secreted by endocrine glands; distributed via bloodstream; target cells contain specialized receptors for this

A

hormones

111
Q

types of hormones

A

peptide and steroid

112
Q

hormones that activate metabotropic receptors

A

peptide

113
Q

hormones that bind to a receptor, which alter protein production; small, fat soluble molecules

A

steroid

PHYSIOPSYC (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions