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PHYSIOPSYC > Mod 3 - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Mod 3 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

the first neurotransmitter to be discovered/identified; a major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

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2
Q

ACh is prevalent in the -, which has a key role in the formation of new memories

A

hippocampus (forebrain structure)

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3
Q

how is the deficiency of ACh associated with memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurons in the forebrain producing ACh tend to degenerate, consequently reducing the production of ACh–the less ACh produced by the forebrain, the more serious the memory loss

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4
Q

how is ACh responsible for stimulating muscles?

A

it is released at every synapse at which a motor neuron terminates at a (skeletal) muscle fiber, and activates the motor neurons that control and contract the (skeletal) muscles

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5
Q

chemical produced by clostridium botulinum (a bacteria that can grow in improperly (dented) canned food); extremely potent poison; prevents/blocks the release of ACh at nerve-muscle synapses and thus can cause death when the respiratory muscles become paralyzed

A

botulinum toxin

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6
Q

chemical substance that stimulates the release of ACh; fatal but less toxic than botulinum toxin; effective when you receive several bites (but infants and the elderly are more susceptible)

A

black widow spider venom

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7
Q

chemical substance that destroys the enzyme that degrades ACh, resulting in an uncontrolled build-up of ACh in the nervous system and normal synaptic transmission becomes impossible; too much and continuous violent muscle contractions, especially of the respiratory muscles, may cause difficulty in breathing and eventual death

A

pesticides/insecticides/nerve gases developed for warfare

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8
Q

a monoamine (catecholamine) produced mainly by neurons in the brainstem (pons, medulla oblongata and thalamus)

A

norepinephrine (NE)/epinephrine

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9
Q

how does NE regulate physical and psychological-mental arousal?

A
  1. it raises heart rate and blood pressure
  2. controls mental focus and attention; responsible for increase in vigilance
  3. deficiency may lead to depression, while excess causes hyperactivity or anxiety
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10
Q

NE is associated with which psychological disorder?

A

bipolar mood disorder

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11
Q

how do drugs affect NE?

A

drugs that increase/decrease NE is correlated with a respective increase/decrease in mood level

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12
Q

drugs that prolong the action of NE by slowing down its reuptake process or stimulating its release

A

cocaine and amphetemines

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13
Q

chemical that speeds up the reuptake of NE and causes the individual’s mood level to be depressed

A

lithium

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14
Q

a monoamine (catecholamine) that is involved in motor control, attention, learning, memory, reward-motivation and emotional arousal; an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls posture and voluntary movements of the body

A

dopamine

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15
Q

how is DA associated with the reward-motivation mechanism of the brain?

A

it regulates the pleasurable emotions, and drugs like cocaine, heroine, nicotine, opium and even alcohol increase its level for which the used of such drugs feels good

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16
Q

a neurological disorder disrupting coordinated movement; characterized by the weakness, tremors, lead-pipe rigidity, poor balance (shuffling gait), difficulty in initiating movements, reduced voluntary movements, stopped posture with loss of arm swing when walking, masked face, and slurred speech

A

Parkinson’s disease

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17
Q

how is DA associated to Parkinson’s disease?

A

an undersupply leads to the development of the illness

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18
Q

a precursor of dopamine; used to treat Parkinson’s; can pass across the blood-brain barrier and enter into the CNS

A

dopamine (DA)

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19
Q

how is DA associated with schizophrenia?

A

its oversupply at the synapse or receptor site may lead or be involved in the development of the illness

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20
Q

drug used to treat schizophrenia; blocks dopamine recpetors and alleviate the symptoms

A

chlorpromazine

21
Q

a monoamine (indolamine); synthesized from tryptophan (amino acid); an inhibitory neutra that is considered as the “worry” chemical in the brain

A

serotonin (5-HT)

22
Q

serotonin plays an important role in the control and regulation of -

A

emotion, impulses, mood, anger, aggression, anxiety, pain, appetite, wakefulness, sleep and dream, body temp and sexuality

23
Q

an undersupply of serotonin results in

A

production of depression, suicidal thoughts, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, mood disorders, anxiety and insomnia

24
Q

5-HT prevents -

A

dreaming in the waking state

25
Q

drugs that cause an increase of 5-HT; important in the treatment of mental disorders

A

fluoxetine (prozac) and fenfluramine

26
Q

drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT; used to treat depression, some forms of anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

fluoxetine (prozac)

27
Q

drug that causes/stimulates the release of 5-HT as well as inhibits its reuptake; used as an appetite suppressant in the treatment of obesity

A

fenfluramine

28
Q

drug (fun kind) that stimulates the release of 5-HT and inhibits its reuptake

A

ecstasy (MDMA)

29
Q

drug (fun kind) stimulates the receptors of 5-HT

A

acid (LSD)

30
Q

an amino acid; most commonly found excitatory neutra in the CNS

A

glutamate (glu) (glutamic acid)

31
Q

what does Glu do

A

it enhances the action potential

32
Q

Glu has an important role in learning and memory how?

A

NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) is a subtype of glutamate receptor–it takes place in the hippocampus where an activity-dependent increase in synaptic efficiency occurs, making the process key to some forms of learning and memory

33
Q

how is an excess of Glu toxic for neurons?

A

excessive production may be related with A:S (amyotrphic lateral sclerosis) and seizures

34
Q

an NMDA receptor anatgonist

A

ketamine

35
Q

an amino acid; created from glutamate; the main inhibitory neutra in the CNS and appears to have wide distribution throughout the brain and spinal cord, occurring in 30-40% of all synapses

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

36
Q

how does GABA inhibit the CNS by decreasing the activity of the neuron?

A
  1. inhibits action potential
  2. helps balance and offset excitatory messages
  3. slows down neuron activity in order to prevent excitation which could lead to seizures
37
Q

how is GABA associated to anxiety?

A

it slows down neuron activity in order to prevent excitation which could lead to anxiety; a low level of GABA (or too much neuronal activity) could have an association with anxiety disorders

38
Q

a fatal inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen, especially of GABAergic and acetylcholinergic neurons

A

Huntington’s disease

39
Q

drug that facilitates GABA’s inhibitory activity; have tranquilizing properties and are very effective anxiolytic (anxiety-dissolving) are used to reduce anxiety, promote sleep, as well as reduce seizure activity and produce muscle relaxation.

A

benzodiazepines

40
Q

inhibits the inhibitory activity of GABA by blocking GABA receptors, thus produces convulsions

A

picrotoxin

41
Q

Increased levels of GABA may cause -

A

sleep and eating disorders

42
Q

a nucleoside; known to be released by astrocytes when neurons in the brain are short of fuel or oxygen; it release activates receptors on nearby blood vessels and causes them to dilate, increasing the flow of blood and helping to bring more of the needed substances to the region.

A

adenosine

43
Q

the amount of adenosine in the brain - during wakefulness and - during sleep

A

increases; decreases

44
Q

how does caffeine reduce the ability of the brain to produce adenosine?

A

it blocks adenosine receptors

45
Q

one of the three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body that is involved in reward system and pain reduction or suppression

A

endorphin

46
Q

endorphin is the body’s - and the brain’s -

A

natural pain-killers; opiates/endogenous morphine/opioid

47
Q

endorphins resembles the - in structure and regulates/reduces -

A

opioid compounds; pain

48
Q

what are the effects/functions of endorphin?

A
  1. regulates positive emotions and feeling of pleasure.

2. reduces stress and promotes calmness and serenity

PHYSIOPSYC (6 decks)

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