Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSIOPSYC > Module 2 - book ver. > Flashcards

Module 2 - book ver. Flashcards

1
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two basic subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the CNS consists of

A

the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the PNS consists of

A

the nerves and most of the sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the CNS communicates with the rest of the body through ?

A

nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bundles of thousands of individual neurons all wrapped in a tough, protective membrane

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do nerves perform like cable wires?

A

nerve fibers transmit messages through the nerve, from a sense organ to the brain or from the brain to a muscule or gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

information from the senses are gathered from the environment by specialized cells of the PNS called

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

movements are accomplished by the contraction of muscles controlled by

A

motor neurons in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neurons that lie entirely within the CNS, in between sensory and motor neurons

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

types of interneurons

A

local and relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type of interneurons that form circuits with nearby neurons and analyze small pieces of information

A

local

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type of interneurons that connect circuits of local interneurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions

A

relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the information-processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basic structure of the neuron

A

soma, dendrites, axon, and terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contains the nucleus and much of the machinery that provides for the life processes of the cell

A

soma (cell body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

serve as important receivers of messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dendrites receive neural messages that are transmitted across the -?

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the small space between the terminal buttons of the sending cell and a portion of the somatic or dendritic membrane of the receiving cell

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does neural communication travel in one direction?

A

from the terminal button to the membrane of the other cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a long, slender tube, often covered by a myelin sheath

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

true or false. the outer surface of the axon carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons and carries an electrical message

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the basic message an axon carries; a brief electrical event that starts at the end of the axon next to the cell body and travels toward the terminal buttons

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

true or false. the action potential varies in size and duration

A

false. the action potential is always of the same size and duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

little knobs at the end of axon branches

A

terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when an action potential traveling down the axon reached the terminal buttons, they secrete a chemical called -?

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chemicals that either excites or inhibits the receiving cell and thus helps to determine whether an action potential occurs in its axon

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

FYI. an individual neuron receives information from the terminal buttons of axons of other neurons, and the terminal buttons of its axons form synapses with other neurons

A

okie!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

true or false. a neuron may receive information from dozens or even hundreds of other neurons, each of which can form a large number of synaptic connections with it

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

true or false. terminal buttons can form synapses on the membrane of the dendrites or the soma

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

an active process that propels substances along microtubule “tracks” that run inside the length of the axon

A

axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

transport from the soma to the terminal buttons; this form of transport is accomplished by molecules of kinesin

A

anterograde axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

protein that attaches to the item being transported down the axon, then walks down a microtubule, carrying the cargo to its destination

A

kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

transport from the terminal buttons to the soma; dynein (instead of kinesin), carries the substances in this form of transport

A

retrograde axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

defines the boundary of the neuron; consists of a double layer of lipid molecules

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the interior of the neurons contains a matrix of strands of protein that gives the neuron its shape

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

bundles of thirteen protein filaments arranged around a hallow core; the thickest among the three kinds of protein strands that make up the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a jellylike, semiliquid substance that fills the space outlined by the membrane

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

a round or oval structure found in the soma

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

responsible for the production of ribosomes

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

small structures that are involved in protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

consists of long stands of DNA

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

molecule that receives a copy of the information stored at the genes

A

mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

proteins are produced through a two-step process:

A

transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

wherein information from DNA is transcribed into a portable form (mRNA)

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

wherein the ribosomes use the information from the mRNA and create proteins

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

special protein molecules that act as catalysts; cause a chemical reaction to take place without becoming part of the final product themselves

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

a network on internal membranes consisting of endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

A

endomembrane system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes; the protein produced by the ribosomes that are attached here are destined to be transported out of the cell or used in the membrane

A

rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

endoplasmic reticulum that provides channels for segregation of molecules involved in various cellular processes; lipid molecules are also produced here

A

smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

a special form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum where some complex molecules are assembled; also serves as a wrapping or packaging agent

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the process wherein the membrane-wrapped product (using membrane produced by the Golgi apparatus) migrates to the inside of the outer membrane of the cell, fuses with the membrane, and bursts (spilling its contents into the fluid surrounding the cell)

A

exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

produced by the Golgi apparatus; small sacs that contain enzymes that break down substances no longer needed by the cell (these products are then recycled or excreted)

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

provides cells with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an immediate source of energy; its inner membrane is wrinkled, and the winkles make up a set of cristae where many of the biochemical steps that are involved in the extraction of energy from the breakdown of nutrients occur; “power plants” of neurons

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

true or false. neurons constitute only about half the volume of the CNS

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

supporting cells of the central nervous systems

A

glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

general function of glial cells

A
  1. hold neurons in place (“nerve glue”)
  2. controlling supply of nutrients and some of the chemicals neurons need in order to exchange messages with other neurons
  3. insulate neurons from one another so that neural messages dont get scrambled
  4. destroy and remove the carcasses of neurons that are killed by disease or injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

“star cell”; provide physical support to neurons and clean up debris within the brain; produce some chemicals and help to control composition of the fluid surrounding neurons by actively taking up or releasing substances; involved in providing nourishment to neurons

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

thought that nutrients passed from capillaries to the cytoplasm of the astrocytes and then through the cytoplasm to the neurons

A

Camillo Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

astrocytes receives glucose from capillaries and break it down to -, which they release into the extracellular fluid that surrounds neurons so that neurons may take it up and transport it to their mitochondria to use it for energy

A

lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

the chemical produced during the first step of glucose metabolism

A

lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

true or false. although neurons receive some glucose directly from the capillaries, they receive most of their nutrients from astrocytes

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

true or false. oligodendrocytes surround and isolate synapses, limiting the dispersion of neurotransmitters that are released by the terminal buttons

A

false. astrocytes, not oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

process wherein certain astrocytes contact a piece of debris from a dead neuron, they push themselves against it, finally engulfing and digesting it

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what do astrocytes do when there is a considerable amount of injured tissue to be cleaned up?

A

they divide and produce enough new cells to perform phagocytosis. once they tissue has been broken down, a framework of astrocytes will be left to fill in the vacant area, and a specialized kind of astrocyte will form scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

glial cells that provide support to axons to produce the myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

insulates most axons from one another; a tube surrounding the axon; consists of a series of segments; 80% lipid, 20% protein

A

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

a small portion of uncoated axon between myelin sheath segments

A

nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

oligodendrocytes produce up to - segments of myelin

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

smallest of the glial cells; act as phagocytes; protect the brain from invading microorganisms; primarily responsible for the inflammatory reaction in response to brain damage

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

1 myelin sheath segment=

A

1 Schwann cell wrapped many times around the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

true or false. a Schwann cell provides myelin for only one axon, and only part of it surround the axon

A

false. its true that a Schwann cell provides myelin for only one axon, but it is the entire Schwann cell that surrounds the axon, not only part of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

if a nerve suffers damage, what do Schwann cells do?

A

they aid in the digestion of the dead and dying axons, then they arrange themselves in a series of cylinders that act as guides for regrowth of the axons (though distal portions of the severed axons die, the stumps grows sprouts which spread in all direction–if one of these sprouts encounters a cylinder provided by a Schwann cell, the sprout will grow through the tube quickly; this reestablished connections with the muscles and sense organs they previously served)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

during development, axons have two modes of growth:

A
  1. continue to elongate

2. stop elongating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

how do astrocytes differ from Schwann cells in tackling injuries?

A

although both have new sprouts forming, the scar tissue produced by astrocytes are impenetrable by the budding axons. should a sprout penetrate the barrier, there is no reestablishment of the original connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

the chemical composition of the myelin protein they produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what happens in the immune system of someone with multiple sclerosis?

A

the myelin protein produced by oligodendrocytes are attacked (while the myelin of the PNS is spared)

79
Q

the barrier that exists between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain; selectively permeable

A

blood-brain barrier

80
Q
  • constitue the blood-brain barrier
A

the walls of the capillaries of the brain

81
Q

function of the blood-brain barrier

A
  1. makes it easier to regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid (which the brain depends on from transmission of messages within itself)
  2. prevents chemicals that could possibly interfere the transmission of information from reaching the brain
82
Q

true or false. the blood-brain barrier is uniform throughout the nervous system

A

false. in several places, the barrier is relatively permeable

83
Q

part of the brain that controls vomiting; area where the blood-brain barrier is weaker, allowing neurons in the region to detect the presence of toxic substances in the blood, stimulating the area to initiate vomiting

A

area postrema

84
Q

overview of communication within the neuron (in the instance of painful stimulus)

A
  1. dendrites are stimulated by a noxious stimulus, sending messages down the axon to the terminal buttons (which are located in the spinal cord)
  2. terminal buttons of the sensory neuron release a neurotransmitter that excites the interneuron, causing it to send messages down its axon
  3. the terminal buttons of the interneuron release a neurotransmitter that excites the motor neuron, which sends messages down its axon
  4. the axon of the motor neuron joins a nerve and travels to a muscle
  5. when the terminal buttons of the motor neuron release their neurotransmitter, the muscle cells contract, causing the organ to move in response to the stimulus
85
Q

what do inhibitory synapses do?

A

excitation in the motor neurons are counteracted by inhibition supplied by the brain (which calculates the risks of the response; neural circuits send information to the spinal cord that prevents the response–an axon from a neuron in the brain reaches the spinal cord, where its terminal buttons form synapses with an inhibitory interneuron. when the neuron in the brain becomes active, its terminal buttons excite this inhibitory interneuron, which releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter that decrease the activity of the motor neuron, blocking the response/reflex)

86
Q

very small sensors that can be inserted into a neuron to record changes in electrical activity across the axon membrane

A

microelectrodes

87
Q

the difference in charge across the membrane of an axon

A

membrane potential

88
Q

membrane resting potential

A

-70mV (more negatively charged inside the axon than outside)

89
Q

the message conducted along the axon can be measured as -?

A

an electrical event

90
Q

when the inside of an axon becomes more negative relative to the outside, it is

A

hyperpolarized

91
Q

when the inside of the axon becomes more positive, it is

A

depolarized

92
Q

a set point for depolarization to trigger the main electrical event in the axon (action potential)

A

threshold of excitation

93
Q

a burst of rapid depolarization followed by hyperpolarization; begins at the point where the soma meets the axon and propagates like a wave all the way to the end of the terminal buttons, informing the terminal buttons to release neurotransmitters into the synapse

A

action potential

94
Q

much of what is currently known about electrical potentials in the axon came from studies of the -

A

giant squid axon

95
Q

how large is the giant squid axon?

A

0.5mm in diameter

96
Q

the electrical charge across the membrane potential is the result of a balance between two opposing forces:

A

diffusion and electrostatic pressure

97
Q

the process whereby molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout the medium in which they are dissolved

A

diffusion

98
Q

in diffusion, molecules diffuse from regions of - concentration to regions of - concentration

A

high; low

99
Q

substances that split into two parts (each with an opposing electrical charge) when dissolved into water are called

A

electrolytes

100
Q

the charged particles into which electrolytes decompose

A

ions

101
Q

two basic types of ions

A

cation and anion

102
Q

the force exerted by the attraction/repulsion between ions

A

electrostatic pressure

103
Q

fluid within cells

A

intracellular fluid

104
Q

fluid surrounding cells

A

extracellular fluid

105
Q

fact! the forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure contributed by the ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluid give rise to the membrane potential

A

yay!

106
Q

the four important ions

A

organic anions (A-), chloride ions (Cl-), sodium ions (Na+), and potassium ions (K+)

107
Q

ions dominantly found in the intracellular fluid

A

organic anions (A-) and potassium (K+)

108
Q

ions dominantly found in the extracellular fluid

A

chloride (Cl-) and sodium (Na+)

109
Q

true or false. organic anions (A-) can pass through the membrane of an axon

A

false

110
Q

explain why K+ remains inside the membrane despite high concentration within the membrane?

A

although the force of diffusion pushes it out, electrostatic pressure pushes it in as the outside of the membrane is positively charged. (the same concept goes for chloride)

111
Q

explain why Na+ remains high in concentration outside the cell despite the two forces favoring it to go inside

A

as it is high in concentration outside the axon, diffusion pushes it into the membrane, and because the inside is negatively charged, electrostatic pressure attracts the ion to enter as well. however!! since it is unnatural to have Na+ inside the axon for a long time, it must be pumped out by the sodium-potassium pump

112
Q

consists of a large number of protein molecules embedded in the membrane; driven by energy provided by molecules of ATP produced by the mitochondria; exchange Na+ for K+

A

sodium-potassium pump

113
Q

the sodium-potassium pump pumps out - sodium ions for every - potassium ions they push in

A

3; 2 (remember: more Na+ comes out than K+ comes in)

114
Q

how much energy does the sodium-potassium pump take up?

A

up to 40% of a neuron’s metabolic resources

115
Q

contain passages that can open or close; allows specific ions to flow in or out when open

A

ion channels

116
Q

the permeability of a membrane to a particular ion at a given moment is determined by -

A

the number of ion channels are are open

117
Q

consists of a series of changes in opening and closing of ion channels and the resulting distribution of ions

A

action potential

118
Q

summarize the steps involved in generating an action potential

A
  1. the threshold of excitation is reached and sodium channels in the membrane open, allowing Na+ to rush in. the influx produces a rapid change in the membrane potential from -70mV to +40mV
  2. when the action potential reaches its peak, the sodium channels become refractory; no more Na+ can enter the cell
  3. voltage-dependent potassium channels open, letting K+ ions to move freely through the membrane; however, as the inside of the axon is positively charged at this time, the forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure force K+ outside. this outflow of cations causes the resting potential to return
  4. once the resting potential occurs, sodium channels reset so that another depolarization can cause them to open again
  5. the membrane actually overshoots its resting value and only gradually returns to normal as the potassium channels finally close. eventually, sodium-potassium transporters remove the Na+ ions that leaked in and retrieve the K+ ions that leaked out
119
Q

the opening of sodium channels are triggered by -

A

depolarization; reduction of the membrane potential

120
Q

channels that are opened by changes in the membrane potential

A

voltage-dependent channels

121
Q

when channels become blocked and cannot open again until the membrane reaches resting potential again they are -

A

refractory

122
Q

states that an action potential either occurs or does not occur, and, once triggered, it is transmitted down the axon to its end

A

all-or-none law

123
Q

true or false. action potentials in axons control the strength of muscular contractions and represent the intensity of a physical stimulus

A

true

124
Q

true or false. a high rate of firing causes a strong muscular contraction, and a strong stimulus causes a high rate of firing

A

true

125
Q

the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires

A

rate law

126
Q

the only place where a myelinated axon comes into contact with the extracellular fluid; unmyelinated areas of an axon

A

node of Ranvier

127
Q

the transmission of an action potential where it seems to be hopping from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

128
Q

describe saltatory conduction

A

because myelinated segments of the axon do not allow the inflow of extracellular sodium, the action potential slides through it until it can regenerate at a node of Ranvier, where the axon is exposed to extracellular fluid (allowing for the opening of the needed channels)

129
Q

the decrease in the size of the electrical disturbance being conducted in saltatory conduction

A

decremental conduction

130
Q

the advantages of saltatory conduction

A
  1. myelinated axons expend much less energy because sodium-potassium channels are not constantly operating
  2. faster because the passive conduction of myelin segments
131
Q

primary means of communication between neurons; the transmission of messages from one neuron to another across a synapse

A

synaptic transmission

132
Q

the terminal buttons of the sending cell

A

presynaptic cell

133
Q

the membrane of the receiving neuron

A

postsynaptic cell

134
Q

brief depolarizations or hyperpolarization; increase or decrease the rate of firing of the axon of the presynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic potentials

135
Q

chemical that attaches to a binding site

A

ligand

136
Q

naturally occurring ligands

A

neurotransmitters

137
Q

junctions between the terminal buttons at the ends of the axonal branches of one neuron and the membrane of another

A

synapse

138
Q

many synapses occur on - or on -

A

the smooth surface of a dendrite; dendritic spines

139
Q

small protrusions that stud the dendrites of several types of large neurons in the brain

A

dendritic spines

140
Q

a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.

A

presynaptic membrane

141
Q

the membrane that receives a signal (binds with a neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarization or hyperpolarization

A

postsynaptic membrane

142
Q

where is the presynaptic membrane located?

A

at the end of the terminal buttons

143
Q

where is the postsynaptic membrane located?

A

on the neuron that receives the message

144
Q

the pre- and postsynaptic membranes face each other across the this; a gap that varies in size from synapse to synapse

A

synaptic cleft

145
Q

two prominent structures located in the cytoplasm of the terminal button

A

mitochondria and synaptic vesicles

146
Q

responsible for transporting material between the soma and terminal button

A

microtubules

147
Q

two types of synaptic vesicles

A

small and large

148
Q

synaptic vesicles that contain molecules of the neurotransmitter; consists of around 10,000 lipid molecules into which are inserted about 200 protein molecules

A

small

149
Q

protein that fills vesicles with the neurotransmitter

A

transport proteins

150
Q

protein that is involved in the release of neurotransmitters and recycling of the vesicles

A

trafficking proteins

151
Q

synaptic vesicles are found in greatest numbers around the here; the region from which the neurotransmitter is released

A

release zone

152
Q

synaptic vesicles that contain one of a number of different peptides

A

large

153
Q

where are small synaptic vesicles produced?

A

in the Golgi apparatus located in the soma, and are carried by fast axoplasmic transport to the terminal button. some are also produced from recycled material in the terminal button

154
Q

where are large synaptic vesicles produced?

A

only in the soma

155
Q

describe the release of neurotransmitters

A
  1. a number of small synaptic vesicles located in the presynaptic membrane fuse with the membrane then break open, spilling their contents into the synaptic cleft
  2. the release zone of the presynaptic membrane contains voltage-dependent calcium channels. when the membrane of the terminal buttons is depolarized by an arriving action potential, the calcium channels open
156
Q

three pools of synaptic vesicles

A

release-ready, recycling, and reserve

157
Q

synaptic vesicle pool that are docked against the inside of the presynaptic membrane, ready to release their contents when an action potential arrives

A

release-ready

158
Q

synaptic vesicle pool that constitute 10-15% of the total pool of vesicles

A

recycling

159
Q

synaptic vesicle pool that make up the remaining 85-90% total pool of vesicles

A

reserve

160
Q

when synaptic vesicles release most or all of their neurotransmitters, the fusion pore closes, and the vesicles break away from the presynaptic membrane and get filled again

A

kiss-and-run

161
Q

Large pieces of the membrane of the terminal button fold inward, break off, and enter the cytoplasm

A

bulk endocytosis

162
Q

binding sites of special protein molecules located in the postsynaptic membrane

A

postsynaptic receptors

163
Q

opened by the postsynaptic receptors, these channels permit the passage of specific ions into our out of the cell

A

neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels

164
Q

a neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel that is equipped with its own binding site

A

ionotropic receptor

165
Q

receptors that activate a chain of chemical events when a ligand binds to it

A

metabotropic receptor

166
Q

metabotropic receptors are located in close proximity to -, another protein attached to the membrane

A

G protein

167
Q

the nature of postsynaptic potentials are determined by -

A

the characteristics of the particular type of ion channel postsynaptic receptors open

168
Q

most important source of excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

sodium channel

169
Q

increase the likelihood of a postsynaptic action potential occurring; depolarization; when sodium channels open

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

170
Q

decrease the likelihood of a postsynaptic action potential occurring; hyperpolarization; when potassium channels open

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

171
Q
  • serve to neutralize EPSPs
A

the opening of chloride channels

172
Q

an extremely rapid removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button

A

reuptake

173
Q

accomplished by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter by breaking it down into its constituents; postsynaptic potentials are terminated in this way acetylcholine (ACh) & neurotransmitters that consist of peptide molecules

A

enzymatic degradation

174
Q

how many molecules of ACh does one molecule of AChE break apart each second?

A

5,000

175
Q

a disease in which the immune system destroys ACh receptors, reducing the amount of information conveyed from the ACh system to the muscles

A

myasthenia gravis

176
Q

the interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron

A

neural integration

177
Q

receptors that respond t the neurotransmitter that they themselves release

A

autoreceptors

178
Q

what do autoreceptors do?

A

regulate internal processes, including the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter; they are part of a regulatory system that controls the amount of neurotransmitter that is released

179
Q

what are other types of synapses?

A

axoaxonic, dendrodendritic, and electrical

180
Q

synapses that alter the amount of neurotransmitter released by the terminal buttons of the postsynaptic axon; do not contribute directly to neural integration; can produce presynaptic modulation (presynaptic inhibition or facilitation)

A

axoaxonic synapse

181
Q

if the activity of the axoaxonic synapse - the release of neurotransmitter, the effect is called -

A

decreases; presynaptic inhibition

182
Q

if the activity of the axoaxonic synapse - the release of neurotransmitter, the effect is called -

A

increases; presynaptic facilitation

183
Q

synapses between dendrites

A

dendrodendritic synapses

184
Q

(type of synapse) membranes meet and almost touch, forming a gap junction. the membranes on both sides of a gap junction contain channels that permit ions to diffuse from one cell to another; when changes in the membrane potential of one neuron induces changes in the membrane of the other

A

electrical synapse

185
Q

what are some other forms of chemical communication?

A

neuromodulators and hormones

186
Q

chemicals release by neurons that travel farther and are dispersed more widely than are neurotransmitters, modulating the activity of many neurons in a particular part of the brain; most are peptides; affect general behavioral states

A

neuromodulators

187
Q

chains of amino acids

A

peptides

188
Q

hormones secreted by the cells of - or by cells located in various organs

A

endocrine glands

189
Q

fact! cells that secrete hormones release these chemicals into the extracellular fluid. the hormones are then distributed to the rest of the body through the bloodstream. hormones affect the activity of cells that contain specialized receptors located either on the surface of their membrane or dep within their nuclei

A

thanks for letting me know!

190
Q

cells that contain receptors for a particular hormone

A

target cells

191
Q

what do peptide hormones do?

A

stimulate metabotropic receptors located in the membrane. the second messenger that is generated travels to the nucleus of the cell, where it initiates changes in the cell’s physiological processes

192
Q

what do steroid hormones do?

A

since they are soluble in lipids, they pass easily through the cell membraned and travel to the nucleus, where they attach themselves to receptors located there, which stimulates said receptors to direct the machinery of the cell to alter it protein production

193
Q

fact! presence of steroid receptors in terminal buttons and around the postsynaptic membrane of some neurons influence synaptic transmission rapidly

A

noice!

PHYSIOPSYC (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions