Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSIOPSYC > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in the brain

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The generation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The primary function of the brain

A

Control of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An interdisciplinary effort to understand the nervous system

A

Neuroscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behavioral science was known as

A

Physiological psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The first psychology textbook was called –, and was written by –

A

Principles of Physiological Psychology; Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The basic function of perception is

A

to inform us of what is happening in our environment so that our behaviors will be adaptive and useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ability to think evolved because

A

it permits us to perform complex behaviors that accomplish useful self-preserving goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

General goal of research

A

To explain the phenomena being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The 2 forms/levels of explanation

A

Generalization and Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deducing general laws from specific events

A

Generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explaining a phenomenon in terms of more basic elements

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mind-body question?

A

What role does the mind play? Does it control the nervous system? Is it part of the nervous system? Is it physical and tangible or is it abstract?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The two approaches to the mind-body question

A

Dualism and Monism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A belief in the dual nature of reality; mind and body are separate in that the body is tangible while the mind is not

A

Dualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A belief that everything in the universe consists of matter and energy and that the mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system; the mind and body are one

A

Monism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Former belief of the Greeks

A

Behavior was based in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The first to think behavior was associated with the brain (+ who tried proving it by studying the brain of animals)

A

Hippocrates (+ Galen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rene Descartes

A
  1. speculated about and was the first to suggest the relationship between the mind and the body
  2. world was a mechanical entity
  3. reflexes: some movements are automatic and involuntary
  4. a dualist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How Descartes theorized the relationship between the mind and the body

A
  • senses interacted with the mind (mind controls the body while the body supplies information to the mind)
  • hypothesizes that interaction occurred in the pineal body (def. a small organ situated on top of the brain stem, buried beneath the cerebral hemispheres)
  • ventricles were filled with fluid that was under pressure, thus when the mind decided to perform an action, it tilted the pineal body in a direction that would cause liquid to flow from the brain into the appropriate set of nerves, causing muscles to inflate and move
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Luigi Galvani

A
  1. electrical stimulation of (frog) nerves to muscle caused contraction in the muscle it was attached to; don’t need the brain
  2. prompted others to study the nature of the message transmitted by nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Johannes Muller

A
  1. espoused applying experimental techniques to study physiology
  2. doctrine of specific nerve energies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies state?

A

although all nerves carry the same basic message (an electrical impulse) we perceive the messages of different nerves in different ways; all nerves carry the same signal, but specificity of a signal is a function of the area receiving the signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • performed - by removing brain parts and inferring their function from the observable absence in behavior
A

Pierre Flourens; experimental ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Observed brains damaged by stroke and concluded that the cortex in the front of the left hemisphere is essential for speech

A

Paul Broca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Used electrical stimulation to understand the physiology of the brain; observed that stimulation of the right side of the brain resulted in movement on the left side of the body and vice versa

A

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A
  1. devised a mathematical formulation of the law
    of conservation of energy
  2. invented the ophthalmoscope
    (used to examine the retina of the eye)
  3. devised an important
    and influential theory of color vision and color blindness
  4. the first scientist to attempt measuring the speed of conduction through nerves
28
Q

Helmholtz found that neural conduction only travels at about -, which proved that -

A

90 ft/sec (much slower than thought); neural conduction was more than a simple electrical message

29
Q

NOTE! The speed of conduction through nerves was slower than the conduction of electricity through wires, which suggests conduction was a physiological phenomenon.

A

yay

30
Q

Jan Purkinje

A
  1. discovered Purkinje fibers, which control heart contractions
  2. the first to describe the individuality of fingerprints
31
Q

Neurons terminating on cardiac cells responsible for controlling contractions of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

32
Q

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

A
  1. described details of neurons for the first time (using Golgi staining)
  2. proposed that the nervous system was comprised of billions of individual neurons instead of being a continuous network
33
Q

Formulated the principles of natural selection and evolution

A

Charles Darwin

34
Q

Darwin’s theory gave rise to -

A

Functionalism

35
Q

A belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions

A

Functionalism

36
Q

True or False. We cannot say that any physiological mechanisms of living organisms have a purpose, but they do have functions

A

True

37
Q

If an individual has characteristics that result in greater reproductive success, some of an individual’s offspring will inherit the characteristics and will themselves reproduce more. This describes -

A

Natural Selection

38
Q

What are the basics of molecular genetics

A
  1. cells have chromosomes
  2. chromosomes contain genes
  3. changes in these recipes change the proteins and how they function (mutations)
39
Q

Accidental changes in the chromosomes

A

Mutations

40
Q

True or False. Traits altered by mutations are behavioral

A

False. Traits altered by mutations are physical (i.e.,in proteins, which affect the structure and chemistry of cells) but the effects can affect behavior.

41
Q

An animal with a mutation is more likely than other members of its species to live long enough to reproduce and hence pass down its chromosomes to its own offspring. This describes what?

A

Selective advantage

42
Q

True or False. Mutations have led to diversity in different species’

A

True

43
Q

This term refers to the gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species as a result of natural selection.

A

Evolution

44
Q

New species evolve when -

A

organisms develop novel characteristics that can take advantage of unexploited opportunities

45
Q

When did the earlier human appear?

A

Cenozoic period

46
Q

Where did the first hominids appear?

A

Africa

47
Q

How did humans evolve traits?

A

Through the expansion of hunting-and-gathering, communicative, and self-preserving skills

48
Q

The closest relatives to humans are -

A

Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

49
Q

When did the first hominid leave Africa?

A

1.7 million years ago

50
Q

Explain the evolution of the human brain

A

Homo neanderthalis/Neanderthals (made tools & discovered fire) -> Homo sapiens (more tools color vision, mastery of fire, bipedalism, linguistic abilities, complex thought processes)

51
Q

True or False. The bigger the brain, the more intelligent/capable of complex thought processes

A

False. What counts is having a brain with neurons that have diverse functions (i.e. not solely for moving muscles)

52
Q

The retention, by adults in a species, of traits previously seen only in juveniles; prolongation of maturation

A

Neoteny

53
Q

True or False. Circuits can be modified by experiences

A

True

54
Q

True or False. The birth of neurons and support cells slow down after birth

A

False. The birth of neurons slows, but the birth of support cells (the glia) increases

55
Q

In the US, any institution that receives federal research funding to use animals in research is required to have an -

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

56
Q

Justify experimentation on animals

A

Leads to salient discoveries that aid us in discovering functions of the body and formulating aid

57
Q

True or False. Why? Tissue cultures and computer models can replace complex, living organisms in experiments.

A

False. We have no way to study behavioral problems
such as substance abuse in tissue cultures, nor can we
program a computer to simulate the workings of an animal’s
nervous system.

58
Q

For human research, review and approval of proposals is done by the -

A

Institutional Review Board

59
Q

Human participants have a right to -

A
  1. humane research conditions
  2. informed consent
  3. protection of identity
60
Q

the process in which researchers
must inform any potential participant about the nature of
the study, how any data will be collected and stored, and
what the anticipated benefits and costs of participating will be

A

Informed consent

61
Q

Large field concerned with all aspects of nervous system

A

Neuroscience

62
Q

Neuroscience is also called

A

Biopsychology and Physiological Psychology

63
Q

They study the physiology of behavior

A

Behavioral neuroscientists

64
Q

Physicians (MD) who diagnose and treat nervous system diseases

A

Neurologists (neurology)

65
Q

Researchers who study neurology; most have a PhD; typically work in colleges but may also work at research institutions

A

Cognitive neuroscientists (cognitive neuroscience)

66
Q

What are the job parameters in neuroscience?

A
  1. graduate training: PhD or MD
  2. post-doctoral work following graduate degree
  3. engage in research and publication and sometimes teaching
  4. bachelor’s or master’s degree holders can work as research technicians

PHYSIOPSYC (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions