Module 2: Foundations Of Chemsitry And Biology Flashcards
Homeostasis Overview
- A relatively stable state of equilibrium
-Self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability. Necessary for maintaining life, function, repair and HEALTH.
Go to page 7 of Notably to look at drawings
Negative Feedback Loop
NFL
Stimulus —> Sensor —> Control —> Effector
Body Temp. exceeds 37 degrees C —> Nerve cells in skin and brain —> Temp. Regulatory center in brain —> sweat glands throughout the body
Look at page 9 on notably
Positive Feedback Loop
PFL
- When the body amplifies a change in a variable is will increase or decrease to further the normal dynamic or homeostatic range
Example: Blood clotting and child birth
List the Levels of Organization
Atoms - Molecules/compounds - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - Organism
What are Atoms?
What are molecules?
- Smallest fundamental form of matter (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium, and phosphorus)
- When two or more atoms of the same type are chemically bonded together (O2) COMPOUNDS = two or more atoms of different types are chemically bonded (H2O)
What are Organelles?
What is Cellular?
- Sub-cellular structures that preform specific functions in the cell. (Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic ret., ribosome, cell membrane)
- Most basic level of organization in the body, basic structural levels of living matter, capable of reproducing itself (Neurons, myocytes, epithelial cells)
Define tissue and the four main types of tissue.
- Group of cells organized together that perform a similar function.
Four types:
Neuronal tissue,
Muscular tissue,
Connective,
Epithelial
Define Organs, and Organ system.
- When two or more tissues work together to perform a specific function. Most organs contain all four tissues (heart, lung, small intestine)
-When two or more organs work together to preform a specific function (Respiratory, Urinary etc.)
Define Organism within the levels of organization.
Preforming all physiological functions
Differentiate Individual, population, and community.
Individual is the basic unit of ecological study, a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area, and a community comprises all the different populations that live together in a defined area.
Differentiate Ecology, Ecosystem, Biome, and Biosphere.
Ecology- Scientific discipline within biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their interactions with their nature
Ecosystem- Community comprised of biological, physical, and chemical components, considered as a unit.
Biome - An area classified according to the species that live in that location
Biosphere - The region of earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals and bacteria.
*Fluid compartment
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside of the cell, fluid within the BV
*Fluid compartment
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid in the cell (surrounding cells)
If any body fluid such as Na+/K+/Cl- increases or decreases in the blood plasma it will then… What?
Increase or decrease within the interstitial fluid to match the blood plasma
EXAMPLE: Decrease in blood plasma will decrease interstitial fluid and effect the function (and fluid volume) of a cell (intracellular fluid)
Decrease in Ca2+ in blood plasma, decrease interstitial fluid = muscle spasms in skeletal muscle
ISF Composition (Plasma)
Na+ (sodium) *
Cl- (chloride) *. Increase Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
Ca+2 (calcium) *. Decrease K+, P
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
OUTSIDE OF BANANA
ICF Composition
K+ (composition) * Increase K+, P
Phosphate (-) * Decrease Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
Proteins (-)
INSIDE OF BANANA
Of cations and anions which are positive and negative?
Cations are +
EX: Na+
Anions are -
EX: Cl-
Differentiate Osmolarity and Osmolality.
Osmolarity - measurement of the total number of solutes in a liquid solution expressed in osmoles (Osm) of solute particles per litre of solvent (solution)
*Per liter measured (mOsm/L)
Osmolality - Measurement of the total number or solutes in a liquid solution expressed in osmoles (Osm) of solute particles per kilogram of solvent (solution)
*per kilogram (mOsm/kg)
*we want mOsm/L of plasma = mOsm/L of ISF = mOsm/L of ICF
*all come out equal (300 mOsm/L)
Define Tonicity
Concentration of solute ion as compared to another solution
Ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water
Movement of one solution to another solution
Overview of osmotic pressure gradient
When two solutions with different osmolarities are separated by a membrane that causes water to move from across the membrane from one solution to the other
- Water moves from the solution with a LOW concentration of solutes to the solution with the HIGH concentration os solutes
Different Tonicities
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic -solutions have equal osmoti pressure
Hypertonic- A solution that has a higher solute concentration (higher osmolarity)
Hypotonic - A solution that has a lower solvate concentration (lower osmolarity)
*Pictures on Module 2, Pages 17-18
Define Essential Elements
Required by an organism for healthy growth.
Less than 30 of the naturally occurring elements are essential to life
What elements are most abundant?
CHNOPS
What elements make up biological matter?
CHNO
Make up >99% of the mass of cells
- Lightest elements capable of forming one, two, three, or four bonds.
What are bulk body elements? What are Trace elements?
Bulk body elements are most found in the body.
Trace elements are ones only needed in small amounts
Describe Non reversible reactions vs Reversible reactions.
Non reversible reactions proceed in one direction until reactants are used. Showed with a unidirectional arrow
2H+O ——> H2O
Reactant. Product.
Reversible reactions have an equilibrium state
Shown with two parallel arrows pointing in opposite directions or a double-headed arrow.
HCO3- + H+ —-> H2CO3
<—
For more, look at example on module 2: page 22
Describe and explain the two types of covalent bonds.
Polar covalent bonds have electrons unequally shared between two atoms. Bonds between atoms of elements with different electro negativity (a measure of how much the nucleus is attracted to e-)
*—>Elements with weak electronegativity: C, H
*—> Elements with strong electro negativity: N, O, P, S
*Polar bonds make molecules water soluble: Hydrophilic
Non-polar covalent bonds are equally shared between two atoms. EXAMPLE: Bonds between atoms of the same element C-C, O2
Bonds between atoms of similar electronegativity C-H
Bonds in symmetrical molecules CO2
*Non-polar bonds make molecules less-water-soluble: Hydrophobic
Define organic molecules and biomolecules.
Organic molecules contain at least one C and H
Biomolecules are natural organic molecules
Look over pages 28-30 on module 2. Have an understanding of pH/buffers/acids and bases.
Look at pages 32- 37 of chemical bonding/models, configuration, conformation, and oxygen containing groups
