Module 2: Foundations Of Chemsitry And Biology

Question 1

Homeostasis Overview

Answer 1

• A relatively stable state of equilibrium
  -Self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability. Necessary for maintaining life, function, repair and HEALTH.

Go to page 7 of Notably to look at drawings

Question 2

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 2

NFL
Stimulus —> Sensor —> Control —> Effector
Body Temp. exceeds 37 degrees C —> Nerve cells in skin and brain —> Temp. Regulatory center in brain —> sweat glands throughout the body

Look at page 9 on notably

Question 3

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 3

PFL
- When the body amplifies a change in a variable is will increase or decrease to further the normal dynamic or homeostatic range
Example: Blood clotting and child birth

Question 4

List the Levels of Organization

Answer 4

Atoms - Molecules/compounds - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - Organism

Question 5

What are Atoms?

What are molecules?

Answer 5

• Smallest fundamental form of matter (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium, and phosphorus)
• When two or more atoms of the same type are chemically bonded together (O2) COMPOUNDS = two or more atoms of different types are chemically bonded (H2O)

Question 6

What are Organelles?

What is Cellular?

Answer 6

• Sub-cellular structures that preform specific functions in the cell. (Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic ret., ribosome, cell membrane)
• Most basic level of organization in the body, basic structural levels of living matter, capable of reproducing itself (Neurons, myocytes, epithelial cells)

Question 7

Define tissue and the four main types of tissue.

Answer 7

• Group of cells organized together that perform a similar function.

Four types:
Neuronal tissue,
Muscular tissue,
Connective,
Epithelial

Question 8

Define Organs, and Organ system.

Answer 8

• When two or more tissues work together to perform a specific function. Most organs contain all four tissues (heart, lung, small intestine)

-When two or more organs work together to preform a specific function (Respiratory, Urinary etc.)

Question 9

Define Organism within the levels of organization.

Answer 9

Preforming all physiological functions

Question 10

Differentiate Individual, population, and community.

Answer 10

Individual is the basic unit of ecological study, a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area, and a community comprises all the different populations that live together in a defined area.

Question 11

Differentiate Ecology, Ecosystem, Biome, and Biosphere.

Answer 11

Ecology- Scientific discipline within biology that studies the relationships between living organisms and their interactions with their nature

Ecosystem- Community comprised of biological, physical, and chemical components, considered as a unit.

Biome - An area classified according to the species that live in that location

Biosphere - The region of earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals and bacteria.

Question 12

*Fluid compartment
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Answer 12

Fluid outside of the cell, fluid within the BV

Question 13

*Fluid compartment
Intercellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 13

Fluid in the cell (surrounding cells)

Question 14

If any body fluid such as Na+/K+/Cl- increases or decreases in the blood plasma it will then… What?

Answer 14

Increase or decrease within the interstitial fluid to match the blood plasma

EXAMPLE: Decrease in blood plasma will decrease interstitial fluid and effect the function (and fluid volume) of a cell (intracellular fluid)

Decrease in Ca2+ in blood plasma, decrease interstitial fluid = muscle spasms in skeletal muscle

Question 15

ISF Composition (Plasma)

Answer 15

Na+ (sodium) *
Cl- (chloride) *. Increase Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
Ca+2 (calcium) *. Decrease K+, P
HCO3- (bicarbonate)

OUTSIDE OF BANANA

Question 16

ICF Composition

Answer 16

K+ (composition) * Increase K+, P
Phosphate (-) * Decrease Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
Proteins (-)

INSIDE OF BANANA

Question 17

Of cations and anions which are positive and negative?

Answer 17

Cations are +
EX: Na+

Anions are -
EX: Cl-

Question 18

Differentiate Osmolarity and Osmolality.

Answer 18

Osmolarity - measurement of the total number of solutes in a liquid solution expressed in osmoles (Osm) of solute particles per litre of solvent (solution)
*Per liter measured (mOsm/L)

Osmolality - Measurement of the total number or solutes in a liquid solution expressed in osmoles (Osm) of solute particles per kilogram of solvent (solution)
*per kilogram (mOsm/kg)

*we want mOsm/L of plasma = mOsm/L of ISF = mOsm/L of ICF

*all come out equal (300 mOsm/L)

Question 19

Define Tonicity

Answer 19

Concentration of solute ion as compared to another solution
Ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water
Movement of one solution to another solution

Question 20

Overview of osmotic pressure gradient

Answer 20

When two solutions with different osmolarities are separated by a membrane that causes water to move from across the membrane from one solution to the other
- Water moves from the solution with a LOW concentration of solutes to the solution with the HIGH concentration os solutes

Question 21

Different Tonicities
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

Answer 21

Isotonic -solutions have equal osmoti pressure
Hypertonic- A solution that has a higher solute concentration (higher osmolarity)
Hypotonic - A solution that has a lower solvate concentration (lower osmolarity)

*Pictures on Module 2, Pages 17-18

Question 22

Define Essential Elements

Answer 22

Required by an organism for healthy growth.

Less than 30 of the naturally occurring elements are essential to life

Question 23

What elements are most abundant?

Answer 23

CHNOPS

Question 24

What elements make up biological matter?

Answer 24

CHNO

Make up >99% of the mass of cells
- Lightest elements capable of forming one, two, three, or four bonds.

Question 25

What are bulk body elements? What are Trace elements?

Answer 25

Bulk body elements are most found in the body.

Trace elements are ones only needed in small amounts

Question 26

Describe Non reversible reactions vs Reversible reactions.

Answer 26

Non reversible reactions proceed in one direction until reactants are used. Showed with a unidirectional arrow

2H+O ——> H2O
Reactant. Product.

Reversible reactions have an equilibrium state
Shown with two parallel arrows pointing in opposite directions or a double-headed arrow.

HCO3- + H+ —-> H2CO3
<—

For more, look at example on module 2: page 22

Question 27

Describe and explain the two types of covalent bonds.

Answer 27

Polar covalent bonds have electrons unequally shared between two atoms. Bonds between atoms of elements with different electro negativity (a measure of how much the nucleus is attracted to e-)
*—>Elements with weak electronegativity: C, H
*—> Elements with strong electro negativity: N, O, P, S

*Polar bonds make molecules water soluble: Hydrophilic

Non-polar covalent bonds are equally shared between two atoms. EXAMPLE: Bonds between atoms of the same element C-C, O2
Bonds between atoms of similar electronegativity C-H
Bonds in symmetrical molecules CO2

*Non-polar bonds make molecules less-water-soluble: Hydrophobic

Question 28

Define organic molecules and biomolecules.

Answer 28

Organic molecules contain at least one C and H

Biomolecules are natural organic molecules

Question 29

Look over pages 28-30 on module 2. Have an understanding of pH/buffers/acids and bases.

Question 30

Look at pages 32- 37 of chemical bonding/models, configuration, conformation, and oxygen containing groups