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CELL MOL > Module 2 Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell > Flashcards

Module 2 Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The Flow of Genetic Information or also known as _________

A

Central Dogma of Life/Biology

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2
Q

What happens to RNA during cell division?

A

synthesized in interphase then gets distributed in daughter cells

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3
Q

Where is RNA stored in a cell?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria

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4
Q

types of RNA (8)

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
  • snRNA
  • snoRNA
  • miRNA
  • siRNA
  • IncRNA
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5
Q

type of RNA that encodes proteins

A

mRNA

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6
Q

type of RNA that acts as adaptor between mRNA and amino acids

A

tRNA

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7
Q

type of RNA that forms the ribosome

A

rRNA

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8
Q

type of RNA that functions in various nuclear process (e.g splicing)

A

snRNA

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9
Q

type of RNA that facilitates chemical modification of RNAs

A

snoRNA

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10
Q

type of RNA that regulates gene expression (2)

A

miRNA
IncRNA

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11
Q

type of RNA that silences gene expression

A

siRNA

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12
Q

3 proposed Models of Replication

A
  • semiconservative (pd + pd) -> (dd + pd)
  • conservative (pp + dd) -> (pp + pp)
  • dispersive (mekus2) (pd + pd) -> (pd + pd)
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13
Q

demonstrated semiconservative replication

A

Meselson and Stahl (1958)

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14
Q

Meselson and Stahl Experiment

A

centrifuged bacteria cultured in medium containing nitrogen

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15
Q

summary of DNA replication

  1. ________ unwind the parental double helix
  2. ________ stabilize the unwound parental DNA
  3. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the _______ direction by ________
  4. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. ______ synthesizes a short _______, which is extended by ___________ to form an ________.
  5. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, ________ joins the Okazaki fragment to the strand.
A
  1. Helicase
  2. Single-strand binding proteins
  3. 5’ -> 3’ , DNA polymerase
  4. Primase synthesizes short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment.
  5. DNA ligase
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16
Q

DNA polymerase and function

A

1 - repair
2 - cleans up Okazaki fragments
3 - main polymerase

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17
Q

Enzyme that prevents tangling upstream from the replication fork

A

gyrase or topoisomerase

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18
Q

why is RNA primer needed?

A

DNA polymerase 3 (enzyme that builds new DNA strand) can only add nucleotides to existing strands of DNA

19
Q

Replacement of RNA primer by DNA is done by ________.

A

DNA polymerase I

20
Q

Enzymes do make mistakes at a rate of about _____________. In humans, with our 6 billion base pairs in
each diploid cell, that would amount to about __________ every time a cell divides!

A

1 per every 100,000 nucleotides
120,000 mistakes

21
Q

Explain the three (3) main steps in DNA replication.

A

initiation
elongation
termination

22
Q

the enzyme that is responsible for the polymerization of nucleotides to nucleic acid during the elongation phase of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

23
Q

________ is the first DNA polymerase was discovered by ______- in _____ for which he received the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

A

DNA polymerase I
Arthur Kornberg
E.coli

24
Q

DNA pol 1 has 3 enzymatic activies

A
  • polymerization (5’ -> 3’)
  • exonuclease (3’ -> 5’) - proofreading
  • exonuclease (5’ -> 3’) - edit out sections of damaged DNA
25
Q

discovered DNA pol II and III

A

Thomas Kornberg son of Arthur Kornberg

26
Q

DNA Pol III is highly “______” while DNA pol I is “____”

A

processive
distributive

27
Q

Fidelity of DNA replication can be traced to three distinct activities:

A
  • accurate selection of nucleotides
  • immediate proofreading
  • post-replicative mismatch pair
28
Q

Types of DNA Damage or Lesion

A
  1. loss of amino group (deamination): C - > U
  2. mismatches
  3. breaks in the backbone
  4. crosslinks
29
Q

is a frequent cause of breaks in backbones, but some chemicals produce breaks as wells

A

ionization radiation

30
Q

two types of crosslinks

A

intrastrand - same DNA strand
interstrand - opposite DNA strand

31
Q

DNA damaging agents (5)

A
  • DNA replication stress
  • ionizing radiation
  • UV light
  • oxygen radicals
  • polyaromatic hydrocarbon
32
Q

repairs base mismatch (insertion/deletion)

A

mismatch repairre

33
Q

repairs ssDNA breaks

A

base-excision repair

34
Q

repairs intrastrand crosslinks

A

nucleotide-excision repair

35
Q

repairs interstrand crosslink

A

dsDNA break repair

36
Q

Each time a cell divides, the telomeres get _____.

A

shorter

37
Q

When telomeres get too short, the cell can no longer divide; it becomes _______ or it dies

A

inactive or “senescent”

38
Q

associated with aging, cancer, and a higher risk of death.

A

telomere shortening

39
Q

some factors of aging (4)

A
  • telomere shortening
  • chronological age - risk factors increase overtime
  • oxidative stress - oxidants damage DNA, proteins, lipids
  • glycation - glucose sugar bind and inhibits DNA, proteins, lipids
40
Q

DNA to protein:

  • When a gene is switched on, ________ attaches to the start of the gene. It moves along the DNA making a strand of ______. This process is called ________.
  • ________ is the removing and adding sections of RNA.
  • mRNA moves out of the nucleus out to the ______.
  • ______ binds to mRNA and reads the code in mRNA to produce a chain made up of _____.
  • ______ carry the amino acids to the ribosome
A
  • RNA polymerase, mRNA, Transcription
  • RNA splicing
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome, amino acids
  • tRNA
41
Q

_______ repeats that bind a set or proteins called _______and protect the DNA by forming a closed telomere ‘cap’

A

TTTAGGG
shelterin

42
Q
  • enzymes that lengthens telomeres
  • prevents progressive shortening of lagging strand
A

telomerase

43
Q
  • are unique DNA segments that contain multiple short repeated sequences
  • AT-rich stretch
A

replication origin

44
Q

control the initiation of DNA replication by directing assembly of the repeat on machinery to specific sites on the DNA chromosome

A

Origin-binding proteins

CELL MOL (9 decks)

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