MODULE 1.1

Question 1

Types of Specialized Cells (4)

Answer 1

• epithelial cells
• bone cells
• cells of the immune system
• blood cells

Question 2

a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses

Answer 2

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1600s)

Question 3

Despite the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, __________ observed the movements of ______ (a type of single-celled organism) and ______, which he collectively termed “__________.”

Answer 3

Antony van Leeuwenhoek;

protista and sperm

animalcules

Question 4

Who coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens? And in what publication?

Answer 4

Robert Hooke, Micrographia (1665)

Question 5

In the 1670s, ___________ discovered bacteria and protozoa.

Answer 5

van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

By the late 1830s, botanist ________ and zoologist _______ were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory

Answer 6

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Question 7

Schleiden and Schwann proposed __________ as the method for cell origination, but it was later disproven.

Answer 7

spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis)

Question 8

_________ famously dispelled the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that living things do not come from nothing.

Answer 8

Rudolf Virchow

Question 9

“Omnis cellula e cellula”

Answer 9

“All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”

Rudolf Virchow

Question 10

Each cell is surrounded by a _____ and contains parts called __________

Answer 10

membrane;

cellular organelles.

Question 11

Prokaryotic Cells Parts (8)

Answer 11

• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm
• cytoskeletal proteins
• ribosomes
• nucleoid
• plasmids
• glycocalyx
• cell extensions

Question 12

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which has a cytoskeleton, prokaryotic cells such as the rod-shaped bacteria and archaea possess ___________ that function similarly to the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. This scaffolding provides structural support to the cell and plays a role in cell division

Answer 12

cytoskeletal proteins

Question 12

It is essentially the “bag” that holds all of the intracellular material and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Answer 12

Plasma Membrane

Question 13

In replacement of the nucleus, prokaryotic cell has the __________ which is the region of the prokaryotic cytoplasm that contains the genome—the main genetic material (DNA) of the cell and typically have a single, circular chromosome.

Answer 13

nucleoid

Question 13

These are the tiny protein-making machines that carry out the genetic instructions of the cell.

Answer 13

Ribosomes

Question 14

is a non-essential piece of DNA that confers an advantage to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance, virulence (the ability to cause disease) and conjugation (a bacterium’s ability to share this with other bacteria).

Answer 14

Plasmid

Question 15

is a layer outside of the cell wall, and present in some bacteria.

Answer 15

glycocalyx

Question 16

There are two types of glycocalyces which are the

Answer 16

slime layers and capsules.

Question 17

help bacteria stick to things and protect them from drying out, particularly in hypertonic environments.

Answer 17

slime layers

Question 18

These are long whip-like extensions that help bacteria move about the environment

Answer 18

Flagella

Question 18

allow bacteria to stick to things, but have the added benefit of helping encapsulated bacteria hide from the host’s immune system.

Answer 18

capsules

Question 18

are made of delicate protein strands and there are several different type associated with bacteria, including flagella and endoflagella.

Answer 18

cell extensions

Question 19

These are also flagella but are wrapped around corkscrew-shaped bacteria and move in waves making the bacteria spin

Answer 19

Endoflagella (axial filaments):

Question 20

Unlike plant cells, animal cells do not have a cell wall. Instead, multicellular animals have other structures that provide support to their tissues and organs, such as ______ and _________.

Answer 20

skeleton and cartilage

Question 21

It is a non-membranous structure involved in the synthesis of ribosomes. It is within the nucleus and the nucleus has one or more nucleoli.

Answer 21

Nucleolus

Question 22

t is a material consisting of DNA and proteins, and is visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes.

Answer 22

chromatin

Question 23

is a network of flattened, membrane-bound sacs and tubes that are involved in the production, processing, and transport of proteins that have been synthesized by ribosomes.

Answer 23

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 24

is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch.

Answer 24

Rough ER

Question 25

is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones

Answer 25

Smooth ER

Question 26

, receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins into vesicles

Answer 26

Golgi apparatus

Question 27

These are specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and are used extensively within the cell for metabolism and transport of large molecules that cannot cross the membrane unaided. waste disposal/recycling department of the cell

Answer 27

Lysosomes

Question 28

There are three types of cytoskeletal filaments

Answer 28

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 29

the organelle with various specialized metabolic functions and produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, the converts it to water.

Answer 29

Peroxisome

Question 30

These are projections that increase the cell’s surface area.

Answer 30

Microvilli

Question 31

This is the region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated and it contains a pair of centrioles.

Answer 31

Centrosome

Question 32

It is the motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

Answer 32

Flagellum

Question 33

Plant cells are differentiated from the animal cells by their (3)

Answer 33

cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

Question 34

plant cells are ___________ because they use light energy from the sun to produce glucose

Answer 34

photoautotrophic

Question 35

The cell wall then pushes against the walls of other cells, creating a force known as

Answer 35

turgor pressure

Question 36

Parts of chloroplasts (2)

Answer 36

stroma thylakoid

Question 37

It is a fluid matrix at the center of the chloroplast that is enclosed by the double membrane

Answer 37

Stroma

Question 38

These are flattened disks within the stroma, and when stacked, is called _____.

Answer 38

thylakoids; grand

Question 39

Thylakoids have a high concentration of _________ and __________ , which are pigments that capture light energy from the sun.

Answer 39

chlorophyll and carotenoids

Question 40

is a small sphere of plasma membrane within the cell that can contain fluid, ions, and other molecules.

Answer 40

vacuoles are essentially just large vesicles.

Question 41

is a flexible layer formed on the outside of a growing plant cell.

Answer 41

Primary cell wall

Question 42

a tough, thick layer formed inside the primary plant cell wall when the cell is mature.

Answer 42

Secondary cell wall

Question 43

In plants, the cell wall contains mainly ______, along with other molecules like hemicellulose, pectin, and lignins, unlike bacterial cell wall which contains ___________.

Answer 43

cellulose; peptidoglycan

Question 44

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.

Answer 44

Plasmodesmata

Question 45

– This is done by having visible light pass through the specimen and then through glass lenses

Answer 45

Light Microscopy

Question 46

The three important parameters in Light Microscopy

Answer 46

magnificaiton resolution contrast

Question 47

(ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

Answer 47

magnification

Question 48

clarity of image

Answer 48

resolution

Question 49

accentuates differences in parts of the sample

Answer 49

contrast

Question 50

Different Types of Light Microscopy (8)

Answer 50

1. Brightfield(unstained specimen) 2. Brightfield (stained specimen) 3. Phase-contrast 4. Differential-interference-contrast(NOMARSKI) 5. Fluorescence 6. Confocal 7. Deconvolution 8. Super-resolution

Question 51

– It focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

Answer 51

Electron microscopy

Question 52

Two Types of Electron Microscopy:

Answer 52

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Question 53

is useful for a detailed study of the topography of a specimen. The electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen. The result is an image of the specimen’s surface that appears three dimensional.

Answer 53

Scanning EM

Question 54

It is used to study the internal structure of cells. It aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microscope transmits light through a slide. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others. The electrons passing through the specimen are scattered more in the denser regions, so fewer are transmitted. The image displays the pattern of transmitted electrons.

Answer 54

Transmission EM

Question 55

The process takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another.

Answer 55

Cell fractionation

Question 56

Instrument used in cell fractionation

Answer 56

centrifuge

Question 57

At cell fractionation, each speed, the resulting force causes a fraction of the cell components to settle to the bottom of the tube forming a ______. Which at lower speeds , consists of larger components, and higher speeds with smaller components.

Answer 57

pellet

Question 58

This is for preparing cell components in bulk and identifying their functions, a task not possible with intact cells.

Answer 58

Cell Fractionation