Module 2 - Ethical Dilemmas and Decision Making Flashcards
Who developed the first set of rules?
- Socrates
- Plato
- Aristotle
- Thomas Percival
Thomas Percival (1794)
Suppose I were contemplating stealing a loaf of bread from the neighbourhood grocery store. From a ……………… standpoint, stealing, for example, would be deemed right or wrong depending on the consequences.
- deontological
- teleological
- act-consequentialism
- exceptionist
Teleological - It is the consequences that make actions. Right or wrong.
(consequentialism, outcome-based)
If the lethal injection promoted overall well-being at least as much as any act the doctor could have performed, then it was right, according to ................... A. Relativism B. Idealism C. Utilitarianism D. Subjectivistism
Utilitarianism - In other words, in any situation, an agent acts rightly if she maximizes overall well- being, and wrongly if she does not. The right action that maximises happiness or betterment of society as a whole. Depends on the benefit to the maximum number of people. Preventing harm to a large population is more valuable than saving one person.
An example of ............. is the belief that killing someone is wrong, even if it was in self-defence. The ethical doctrine holds that the worth of an action is determined by its conformity to some binding rule rather than by its consequences. A. Teleology B. Exceptionist C. Subjectivist E. Deontology
Deontology -Process-based, duty/principals
What did Kant argue that the right action is based on:
A. privacy, duty and religion
B. religion, universalism and professional obligation
D. universalism, duty and professional obligations
C. advice, agency and religion
religion, universalism, professional obligation
The professional has a moral obligation to his job before his family is the basics of? A. teleology B. deontology C. conflicts in practice D. enabling competences
deontology
..................... is what makes a thing right or wrong as it has consequences. Perspective is ................, which says what is the best, what promotes good over evil, to maximise the happiness of as many people as possible. Also what the codes are based on. A. deontology, consequentialism B. Idealism consequentialism C. Utilitarianism, consequentialism D. Consequentialism, utilitarianism
Consequentialism, utilitarianism
.................... is based on the likely consequences instead of individual actions A. Deontology B. Comparisons C. Consequentialism E. teleology
consequentialism
What is act-consequentialism?
Requires determining the consequences of each act prior to acting
Kant's says we act so as to never treat another rational being merely as a means is an example of? A. act-consequentialism B. teleology C. deontology D. utilitarisim
Deontology
What is an example of the limits of deontology?
Hiding the Jews in Germany
The comparisons of the Ethics Position Questionnaire found?
That psychologist tends to be less relativistic (critically reflect on multiple perspectives and determine the most suitable answer in a situation)
Who is more influenced by the code than family, religion and peer attitudes, psychologists or physicians?
Psychologists
Who is more likely to endorse a behaviourist value than an objectivist philosophical orientation?
Psychologists or
Psychiatrists
Psychologists
If a person believes that abortion is wrong then IT is wrong for her. What is this an example of
- relativism
- utilitarianism
- virtue
- proprietory
Relativism
Adhering to moral rules of conduct regardless of the consequences is an example of? A. consequentialism B. act-consequentialism C. deontology E. utilitarisim
Dentology
Maximising positive outcomes is an example of? A. teleology B. deontology C. job related actions D. functionality
teleology
Who has high idealism and high relativism? Situationists Absolutists Subjectivists Exceptionists
Situationists - who reject absolute moral rules and feel that good consequences always will be found
Who has high idealism and low relativism? Situationists Absolutists Subjectivists Exceptionists
Absolutists - accept universal moral rules and that good consequences will happen
Who has low idealism and high relativism? Situationists Absolutists Subjectivists Exceptionists
Subjectivists - reject moral absolutes, base judgements on their own personal values and situations
Who has low idealism and low relativism? Situationists Absolutists Subjectivists Exceptionists
Exceptionists - conforming to moral rules best, however, regard exceptions to these rules as okay
The definition of .............. is believing in or pursuing some perfect vision or belief. An example is the belief of people who think they can save the world. The act or practise of envisioning things in an ideal and often impractical form. Relativism Idealism Rights of others Mixed Dilemma
Idealism
Degree of acceptance of moral absolutes. ……………. is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that facts in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed.
Relativism
Idealism
Rights of others
Mixed Dilemma
Relativism
What does the Ethics Position Questionaire measure? Virtue and common good approach Relativism and idealism Morality and relativism Relativism and Morality
Relativism and idealism
What were the two behaviours that were rated as rare?
- Using self-disclosure as a technique and breaking confidentiality about suicide
- Giving a gifit of at least $50 and borrowing money from a client
Giving a gift of at least $50 and borrowing money from a client
What were the most difficult to evaluate?
- Agency affiliation to recruit clients, giving personal advice on the radio and issues related to collecting fees
- Limiting treatment notes and charging for missing appointments
- Raising the fee in therapy and having your client address you by name
Agency affiliation to recruit clients, giving personal advice on the radio and issues related to collecting fees
What are the 6 characteristics of the ethical issue (moral intensity)?
The magnitude of the consequence
Social consensus
Probability affect
The temporal immediacy - the time between the act and its effect occurring
Proximity - i.e sacking a close staff member
Responsibility - if distant probability then less likely to act
What is a situation where the result might be both good or bad is called?
Ethical dilemmas
Ethical dilemmas -
goodness or badness:
teleology or deontology
teleology
Ethical dilemmas -
rightness or wrongness:
teleology or deontology
deontology
Medicine versus euthanasia and privacy versus duty to warn are examples of A. Ethical dilemmas B. Morality dilemmas C. Legal dilemma D. The common good approach
Ethical dilemmas
Being subpoenaed to testify about a client or working outside your area of expertise are examples of an: A. Ethical dilemma B. Legal dilemma C. Values dilemmma D. Mixed dilemma
Mixed dilemma
Recruiting clients through an agency providing advice in the media are .......... to ......... A. easy, judge B. difficult judge C. effective, causes D. common, ethics
Difficult to judge
What are the 5 philosophical approaches that inform ethical decision making?
Virtue approach Utilitarian approach (who is affected and what benefits or harm will there be Rights approach Fairness or justice approach Common good approach
Most............ theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number A. right approach B. Utilitarian C. ethical D. common good
Utilitarian
The persons right to choose for themselves.
The right to truth, privacy, to not be injured, the right to what has been agreed and promised is the (Kant)?
A. the correct approach
B. the difficult to judge approach
C. the rights approach
D. the decision making
The rights approach
How fair is an action, and does it treat everyone the same? Or does it show favouritism and discrimination (Aristotle) is the: A. Affected approach B. difficult to judge approach C. fairness or justice approach D. model of morality
Fairness or justice approach
Certain general conditions that are equal to everyone and the communities advantage i.e. affordable healthcare, just legal system is? A. The virtue approach B. The Fairness justice approach C. The common good approach D. Ethical problem solving
The common good approach
There are certain ideals to which we aspire: honesty, compassion, fidelity, self-control and what sort of person should I be? A. The virtue approach B. The Fairness justice approach C. The common good approach D. Ethical problem solving
The Virtue Approach
Benefits and harms
Moral rights
The course of action which treats all the same
The course of action for the common good
Developing moral virtues are examples of:
A. Legal problem solving
B. Ethical problem solving
C Ethical dilemma solving
D. Virtue problem solving
Ethical problem solving
Mays 5 questions?
What is happening Criteria to use Who decides Who is benefiting How to act
Age up to 9 Punishment and Obedience Instrumental relativist, that is motivated by selfishness and reward taken from Koberg's Model of Morality is: A. Post conventional B. Social contract C. Pre-conventional D. Interpersonal accordance
Pre-conventional
Most adolescents and adults
Interpersonal concordance that is conforms to the majority
Law and Order that is doing your duty to society Model of Morality taken from Koberg is:
A. Post-conventional
B. Social contract
C. Pre-conventional
D. Conventionalist
Conventionalist
10 to 15% of over 20 years The social contract of laws such as personal values of right and wrong, which can be overridden Model of Morality taken from Koberg is? A. Post conventional B. Social contract C. Pre-conventional D. Interpersonal accordance
Post conventional
Own moral principles which are seen as more important than the laws
A. The moral sensitivity of awareness
B. The universal ethical principle
C. Moral character/action
The universal ethical principle
Rests 4 are?
Moral sensitivity and awareness
Moral judgement and evaluation
moral motivation and intention
moral character/action
Gottiebs 3 dimensions are?
- Power: low (speech on childrearing) to high (influence on the patient)
- Duration of the relationship: low (brief intervention or single assessment to high (student and teacher)
- Clarity of Termination: low (job applicant) too high (Psychologist obligation to family)
Queensland Governments 6 steps
R ecognise (the issue) F ind (facts, laws) L inger (consult with supervisors, etc) E valuate (what are the options) C ome to a decision and record T ake time reflect
Koocher & Spiegel 8 step model?
1. Determine if the problems are ethical Consult guidelines such as ethic codes 3. Consider all the factors 4. Consultwithcolleague 5. Evaluate the rights of those involved 6. Think of alternative decisions 7. Evaluate the potential consequence 8. Make a decision
Our opinion and biases may affect our decision making - do not take sides is an example of? A. professional strategy B. competencies C. objectivity in ethical decisions D. unique to the profession
Objectivity in ethical decisions
Percivalian Code?
Moral authority and independence in the service of others, to care for the side
Self-oriented perfectionism (I should be perfect)
Other oriented perfectionism (expecting others to be perfect)
Socially prescribed perfectionism(people expect me to succeed) are the three styles of ……………………………
A. enabling competencies
B. primary competence
C. perfectionism
D. occupational standards
Perfectionism
