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PSY4405 - Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology > Module 2 - Ethical Dilemmas and Decision Making > Flashcards

Module 2 - Ethical Dilemmas and Decision Making Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed the first set of rules?

  1. Socrates
  2. Plato
  3. Aristotle
  4. Thomas Percival
A

Thomas Percival (1794)

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2
Q

Suppose I were contemplating stealing a loaf of bread from the neighbourhood grocery store. From a ……………… standpoint, stealing, for example, would be deemed right or wrong depending on the consequences.

  1. deontological
  2. teleological
  3. act-consequentialism
  4. exceptionist
A

Teleological - It is the consequences that make actions. Right or wrong.
(consequentialism, outcome-based)

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3
Q 
If the lethal injection promoted overall well-being at least as much as any act the doctor could have performed, then it was right, according to ...................
A.  Relativism
B.  Idealism
C. Utilitarianism
D. Subjectivistism
A

Utilitarianism - In other words, in any situation, an agent acts rightly if she maximizes overall well- being, and wrongly if she does not. The right action that maximises happiness or betterment of society as a whole. Depends on the benefit to the maximum number of people. Preventing harm to a large population is more valuable than saving one person.

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4
Q 
An example of ............. is the belief that killing someone is wrong, even if it was in self-defence. The ethical doctrine holds that the worth of an action is determined by its conformity to some binding rule rather than by its consequences.
A.  Teleology
B. Exceptionist
C. Subjectivist
E. Deontology
A

Deontology -Process-based, duty/principals

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5
Q

What did Kant argue that the right action is based on:
A. privacy, duty and religion
B. religion, universalism and professional obligation
D. universalism, duty and professional obligations
C. advice, agency and religion

A

religion, universalism, professional obligation

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6
Q 
The professional has a moral obligation to his job before his family is the basics of?
A. teleology
B. deontology
C. conflicts in practice
D. enabling competences
A

deontology

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7
Q 
.....................  is what makes a thing right or wrong as it has consequences. Perspective is ................, which says what is the best, what promotes good over evil, to maximise the happiness of as many people as possible. Also what the codes are based on.
A. deontology, consequentialism
B. Idealism consequentialism
C. Utilitarianism, consequentialism
D. Consequentialism, utilitarianism
A

Consequentialism, utilitarianism

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8
Q 
.................... is based on the likely consequences instead of individual actions
A. Deontology
B. Comparisons
C. Consequentialism
E. teleology
A

consequentialism

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9
Q

What is act-consequentialism?

A

Requires determining the consequences of each act prior to acting

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10
Q 
Kant's says we act so as to never treat another rational being merely as a means is an example of?
A. act-consequentialism
B. teleology
C. deontology
D. utilitarisim
A

Deontology

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11
Q

What is an example of the limits of deontology?

A

Hiding the Jews in Germany

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12
Q

The comparisons of the Ethics Position Questionnaire found?

A

That psychologist tends to be less relativistic (critically reflect on multiple perspectives and determine the most suitable answer in a situation)

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13
Q

Who is more influenced by the code than family, religion and peer attitudes, psychologists or physicians?

A

Psychologists

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14
Q

Who is more likely to endorse a behaviourist value than an objectivist philosophical orientation?
Psychologists or
Psychiatrists

A

Psychologists

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15
Q

If a person believes that abortion is wrong then IT is wrong for her. What is this an example of

  1. relativism
  2. utilitarianism
  3. virtue
  4. proprietory
A

Relativism

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16
Q 
Adhering to moral rules of conduct regardless of the consequences is an example of?
A. consequentialism
B. act-consequentialism
C. deontology
E. utilitarisim
A

Dentology

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17
Q 
Maximising positive outcomes is an example of?
A. teleology
B. deontology
C. job related actions
D. functionality
A

teleology

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18
Q 
Who has high idealism and high relativism?
Situationists
Absolutists
Subjectivists
Exceptionists
A

Situationists - who reject absolute moral rules and feel that good consequences always will be found

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19
Q 
Who has high idealism and low relativism?
Situationists
Absolutists
Subjectivists
Exceptionists
A

Absolutists - accept universal moral rules and that good consequences will happen

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20
Q 
Who has low idealism and high relativism?
Situationists
Absolutists
Subjectivists
Exceptionists
A

Subjectivists - reject moral absolutes, base judgements on their own personal values and situations

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21
Q 
Who has low idealism and low relativism?
Situationists
Absolutists
Subjectivists
Exceptionists
A

Exceptionists - conforming to moral rules best, however, regard exceptions to these rules as okay

22
Q 
The definition of .............. is believing in or pursuing some perfect vision or belief. An example is the belief of people who think they can save the world. The act or practise of envisioning things in an ideal and often impractical form.
Relativism
Idealism
Rights of others
Mixed Dilemma
A

Idealism

23
Q

Degree of acceptance of moral absolutes. ……………. is a family of philosophical views which deny claims to objectivity within a particular domain and assert that facts in that domain are relative to the perspective of an observer or the context in which they are assessed.

Relativism
Idealism
Rights of others
Mixed Dilemma

A

Relativism

24
Q 
What does the Ethics Position Questionaire measure?
Virtue and common good approach
Relativism and idealism
Morality and relativism
Relativism and Morality
A

Relativism and idealism

25
Q

What were the two behaviours that were rated as rare?

  1. Using self-disclosure as a technique and breaking confidentiality about suicide
  2. Giving a gifit of at least $50 and borrowing money from a client
A

Giving a gift of at least $50 and borrowing money from a client

26
Q

What were the most difficult to evaluate?

  1. Agency affiliation to recruit clients, giving personal advice on the radio and issues related to collecting fees
  2. Limiting treatment notes and charging for missing appointments
  3. Raising the fee in therapy and having your client address you by name
A

Agency affiliation to recruit clients, giving personal advice on the radio and issues related to collecting fees

27
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of the ethical issue (moral intensity)?

A

The magnitude of the consequence
Social consensus
Probability affect
The temporal immediacy - the time between the act and its effect occurring
Proximity - i.e sacking a close staff member
Responsibility - if distant probability then less likely to act

28
Q

What is a situation where the result might be both good or bad is called?

A

Ethical dilemmas

29
Q

Ethical dilemmas -
goodness or badness:
teleology or deontology

A

teleology

30
Q

Ethical dilemmas -
rightness or wrongness:
teleology or deontology

A

deontology

31
Q 
Medicine versus euthanasia and
privacy versus duty to warn are examples of 
A. Ethical dilemmas
B.  Morality dilemmas
C. Legal dilemma
D. The common good approach
A

Ethical dilemmas

32
Q 
Being subpoenaed to testify about a client or working outside your area of expertise are examples of an:
A. Ethical dilemma
B. Legal dilemma
C. Values dilemmma
D. Mixed dilemma
A

Mixed dilemma

33
Q 
Recruiting clients through an agency
providing advice in the media are .......... to .........
A. easy, judge
B. difficult judge
C. effective, causes
D. common, ethics
A

Difficult to judge

34
Q

What are the 5 philosophical approaches that inform ethical decision making?

A 
Virtue approach
Utilitarian approach (who is affected and what benefits or harm will there be
Rights approach
Fairness or justice approach
Common good approach
35
Q 
Most............ theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number
A. right approach
B. Utilitarian
C. ethical 
D. common good
A

Utilitarian

36
Q

The persons right to choose for themselves.
The right to truth, privacy, to not be injured, the right to what has been agreed and promised is the (Kant)?

A. the correct approach
B. the difficult to judge approach
C. the rights approach
D. the decision making

A

The rights approach

37
Q 
How fair is an action, and does it treat everyone the same? Or does it show favouritism and discrimination (Aristotle) is the:
A. Affected approach 
B. difficult to judge approach
C. fairness or justice approach
D. model of morality
A

Fairness or justice approach

38
Q 
Certain general conditions that are equal to everyone and the communities advantage i.e. affordable healthcare, just legal system is?
A. The virtue approach
B. The Fairness justice approach
C. The common good approach
D. Ethical problem solving
A

The common good approach

39
Q 
There are certain ideals to which we aspire: honesty, compassion, fidelity, self-control and what sort of person should I be?
A. The virtue approach
B. The Fairness justice approach
C. The common good approach
D. Ethical problem solving
A

The Virtue Approach

40
Q

Benefits and harms
Moral rights
The course of action which treats all the same
The course of action for the common good
Developing moral virtues are examples of:

A. Legal problem solving
B. Ethical problem solving
C Ethical dilemma solving
D. Virtue problem solving

A

Ethical problem solving

41
Q

Mays 5 questions?

A 
What is happening
Criteria to use
Who decides
Who is benefiting
How to act
42
Q 
Age up to 9
Punishment and Obedience
Instrumental relativist, that is motivated by selfishness and reward taken from Koberg's Model of Morality is: 
A.  Post conventional
B. Social contract
C. Pre-conventional
D. Interpersonal accordance
A

Pre-conventional

43
Q

Most adolescents and adults
Interpersonal concordance that is conforms to the majority
Law and Order that is doing your duty to society Model of Morality taken from Koberg is:
A. Post-conventional
B. Social contract
C. Pre-conventional
D. Conventionalist

A

Conventionalist

44
Q 
10 to 15% of over 20 years
The social contract of laws such as personal values of right and wrong, which can be overridden Model of Morality taken from Koberg is?
A.  Post conventional
B. Social contract
C. Pre-conventional
D. Interpersonal accordance
A

Post conventional

45
Q

Own moral principles which are seen as more important than the laws
A. The moral sensitivity of awareness
B. The universal ethical principle
C. Moral character/action

A

The universal ethical principle

46
Q

Rests 4 are?

A

Moral sensitivity and awareness
Moral judgement and evaluation
moral motivation and intention
moral character/action

47
Q

Gottiebs 3 dimensions are?

A
  1. Power: low (speech on childrearing) to high (influence on the patient)
  2. Duration of the relationship: low (brief intervention or single assessment to high (student and teacher)
  3. Clarity of Termination: low (job applicant) too high (Psychologist obligation to family)
48
Q

Queensland Governments 6 steps

A 
R ecognise (the issue)
F ind (facts, laws)
L inger (consult with supervisors, etc)
E valuate (what are the options)
C ome to a decision and record
T ake time reflect
49
Q

Koocher & Spiegel 8 step model?

A 
1. Determine if the problems are ethical
Consult guidelines such as ethic codes
3. Consider all the factors
4. Consultwithcolleague
5. Evaluate the rights of those involved
6. Think of alternative decisions
7. Evaluate the potential consequence
8. Make a decision
50
Q 
Our opinion and biases may affect our decision making - do not take sides is an example of?
A. professional strategy
B. competencies
C. objectivity in ethical decisions
D. unique to the profession
A

Objectivity in ethical decisions

51
Q

Percivalian Code?

A

Moral authority and independence in the service of others, to care for the side

52
Q

Self-oriented perfectionism (I should be perfect)
Other oriented perfectionism (expecting others to be perfect)
Socially prescribed perfectionism(people expect me to succeed) are the three styles of ……………………………
A. enabling competencies
B. primary competence
C. perfectionism
D. occupational standards

A

Perfectionism

PSY4405 - Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology (5 decks)

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