Module 1 - Introduction to Ethics and Law Flashcards
What is a positive paradigm/technical rationality?
It is that there is a single tangible reality that exists, one that can be understood, identified and measured. Top-down
Why is a bottom-up approach better according to Schon (1983)?
Professional experience, practical and explicit knowledge is better, which is bottom-up
What is reflect on action?
Continuous learning also termed technical rationality
What is reflection in action?
The ability of the practitioner to think on his feet, within any given moment
What is reflection on action?
The practitioner analyses their actions and reactions
Talk less, think more and think aloud (Wilkinson)?
How historical, social, cultural and cognitive and personal experiences contribute to professional knowledge. Which challenges habitual thoughts and practices.
Morals and Laws are?
Conduct that governs permissible behaviour, which is enforced by society
What are 5 ways that ethics, law and morals intersect?
- Peoples welfare could be affected in ways that are not ethical. i.e in civil law people who are mentally ill can be detained.
- People may be difficult to work for, particularly in the forensic field. They may have mental conditions or difficult personalities.
- The internal rules of the organisation may feel unethical or immoral to a psychologist who works in them.
- Working across a range of occupations and professions a psychologist may feel that socially and ethically they have differences.
- The law can seem not as professional in regard to ethics in psychology. i.e the treatment of prisoners.
Which profession is most at risk from ethical and legal conflicts? Forensic psychology General psychology Sports psychology Clinical psychology
Forensic psychology
What are the speciality guidelines for forensic psychology?
- Integrity, accuracy, honesty and truthfulness
- Impartiality and fairness
- Avoiding conflicts of interest acknowledge possible conflicts of interest
- Competence - relative training
- Gaining and maintaining competency - maintain knowledge and skills and new developments
- Representing competencies - inform all recipients of their knowledge
- Knowledge of the legal system and the rights of individuals
Laws for psychologists come from which sources?
Court decisions,
Federal and State statutes
APA Ethical Principals of Psychologists Licensing boards
All of the above
Court decisions, Federal and State statutes and APA Ethical Principals of Psychologists licensing boards
How many Psychologists did Pope and Baljit find broke the law?
57% caused by moral distress
What is the regulatory body that governs the registration of Health Professionals and supports the 14 boards? AHPRA HODSPA APAC & APS All of the above
Australian Health Practioner Agencies (AHPRA)
Who governs the 14 boards of health professionals?
National Registration Scheme
Who monitors psychologists?
PsyBA - Psychology Board of Australia
Who publishes the Code of Ethics?
APS - Australian Psychological Society
Who protects the clients?
AHPRA/PsyBA Registration boards
What is important about the Code of Ethics as an aspirational document?
It sensitises psychologists
to what is right and wrong and guides them to make choices on such things as cultural values
What are two aspects of the Code?
- Enforceable aspects which are specific rules such as client confidentiality of records
- Aspirational aspects which are general principles that guide behaviour such as proprietary
When doing a Forensic assessment what is important?
Do not rely on one source of data. Focus on what is legally relevant, use appropriate assessment procedures.
What does a Code of Practice do?
It is a document that tells Psychologists what their minimum behavioural standards should be
What do all codes incorporate (Kant)?
Respect, dignity and the rights of people
What 8 principals did Allen identify?
Respect for the rights and dignity of people, autonomy, justice, non-maleficence, beneficence, veracity, fidelity and responsibility
A public statement provides what?
A yardstick for the public
What is involved in the 3 tiers of the code?
- abstract and aspirational level, to achieve a high level of success
- explanation of the aspirational implicates, which encourages higher-order reasoning.
- code of conduct which provides the minimum behavioural standards
The APS Code is structured around which 3 basic principles?
Respect - people, i.e justice, informed consent
Proprietory - Psychologists must ensure they are competent, i.e record keeping
Integrity - reputable behaviour, conflict of interest
How many complaints can a Psychologist expect to receive over 30 years?
20 out of every 100 psychologists and 2 will be serious enough to deregister
What is positive ethics?
More about tolerance than acceptance. Respecting your lecturer. Having compassion and an understanding and or empathy for other people. How well do you perform under stress?
What is the ethical floor approach?
This is regarding a finite list of forbidden acts. The psychologist is starting from the point of prevention. They may not look at general or aspirational principles, because there are no penalties involved.
What did Kidder say about ethics?
“rulemaking dressed up as philosophy”
Positive Ethics: How can the psycholoigst maximise the implementation of their values?
Approach and benefits system instead of an avoidance and harm-based system
What is morality?
It is asymmetrical, which is having parts that fail to correspond, i.e tree branches that grow in different directions
What percentage of 30 year plus psychologists encounter complaints?
20%
Prudence?
Ability to reason well about moral matters and apply to real-world problems
Practical wisdom?
What is at stake, what is possible and what is the best course of action
Which agencies are involved in receiving notifications and dealing with complaints about psychologists?
APHRA and PsyBA - Australian Psychology Health Practitioners Regulations Agency and Psychology and the Psychology Board of Australia
According to Koocher and Keith-Spiegal (2016), ethical violations are commonly driven by?
Little experience, prejudices and rationalisations (the action of attempting to explain or justify behaviour or an attitude with logical reasons, even if these are not appropriate)
Which agency is involved in the training of psychologists? APS HODSPA APAC All of the above
APS, HODSPA, APAC. Heads of Department and schools of Psychologists Australia and Australian Psychologists Accreditation Council
Which agency governs the registrations of psychologists? AHPRA APS HODSPA & APAC None of the above
APHRA - Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency
