Module 2 definitions Flashcards
Active immunity
Form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen
Active transport
Active movement of substance from a low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient with the use of ATP
Agglutination
Clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies that assist phagocytosis
Antigen
Marker molecules that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune response
Binary fission
Method of cell division used by prokaryotes involving the replication of circular dna and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division
Cell cycle
Series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis
Cell-surface membrane
Phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds the cells and separates them form their environment
Cell vacuole
Membrane bound structure foud in plant cells that contains cell sap
Cell wall
Permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae, and fungi cells made of polysaccharides which provide strength to the cell
Chloroplast
Organelle found in plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis
Colonal expansion
Production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after cloak selection
Colonal selection
Process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cell with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes
Co-transport
Method of membrane transport where 2 substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to produce 2 new cells
Facilitated diffusion
Passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration down the concentration gradient through transport proteins without the use of energy
Flagella
Whip like structure found n bacterial cells used for movement
Fluid-mosaic model
Model that describes membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins
Golgi apparatus
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins
Helper T cell
Type of T cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and phagocytes
Herd immunity
Type of disease immunity that occurs when a large proportion of people are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to unvaccinated individuals
Human immunodeficiency virus
Virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to aids
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm that contain a hydrolysis enzyme called lyzozyme
Magnification
The enlargement of the size of the physical appearance of the image/object
Mitochondrion
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells
Site of aerobic respiratino
Mitosis
Part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce 2 daughter cells, identical copies of dna in each
Monoclonal antibodies
Identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell
Nucleus
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that stores the genetic information of the cell as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope
Osmosis
Passive diffusion of water molecules from a regio of high water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane without the use of energy
Passive immunity
Form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease in the body
Phagocytosis
Process where phagoctyes engulf and destroy material
Plasmids
Circular loop of dna found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
Primary immune response
Response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time
Resolution
the minimum distance apart 2 objects can be to still appear as 2 separate objects
Ribosomes
Organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packing of proteins
Secondary immune syste m
Response produced by the immune system when it recognizes a pathogen it has encountered before
Simple diffusion
Passive movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient without the use of energy
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Membrane bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis
Vaccine
Introduction of dead or active pathogens (antigens) to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity
