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Biology > Module 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Kingdoms

A

Animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, protoctista
animal+plant=multicelluler
bacteria+fungi+protoctista=microorganism

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

animal/plant, membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Prokaryotic

A

bacteria, no membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents each provide one gamete

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

1 parent produces genetically identical offspring

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6
Q

Zygote development

A

stem cell, mitosis, many stem cells, differentiation, specialised cells, mitosis, tissue, organ, organ system

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7
Q

Tissue

A

group of specialised cells

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8
Q

Organ

A

Made of different tissues

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9
Q

Organ system

A

Different organs working together

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions

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11
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Holds cell together, controls what enters/ leaves the cell

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA
DNA wrapped around histones to form chromatin
double membrane/ nuclear envelope, has pores
centre is nucleolus, produces mRNA
rest is nucleoplasm, contains DNA

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reitculum

A

Rough - has ribosomes, synthesises proteins

Smooth - has no ribosomes, makes lipids/ carbohydrates

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14
Q

Golgi body

A

Modifies and packages proteins
packages them into vesicles
digestive enzymes placed in lysosomes (vesicles with membranes)

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of respiration, releases energy, produces ATP
double membrane, inner called cristae (folded) increases SA
middle portion called matrix

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Attached to RER

site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, prevents cell from bursting or shrinking

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle for photosynthesis
double membrane
thylakoids, contain chlorophyll, stack of thylakoids called granum, surrounded by fluid called stroma

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

Has membrane called tonoplast, contains water

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20
Q

Bacteria

A

No nucleus - DNA forms single loop and plasmid
no membrane bound bound organelles, infolding of cell membrane for respiration
cytoplasm
cell membrane and wall (made of peptidoglycan/murein)
some have capsule (reduce water loss)
some have flagella (movement)

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21
Q

Virus

A

DNA OR RNA
protein coat called capsid
attachment proteins outside

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA in coiled form
formed in interphase
made of 2 sister chromatids
carries 2 copies of the same DNA molecule

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23
Q

Homologous pair

A

Pair of chromosomes, one from mother, one from father

carry same genes but different alleles

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24
Q

What is mitosis

A

2 genetically identical cells, diploid (have full set of chromosomes/DNA)
growth and repair
3 stages, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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25
Q

Interphase

A

G1: protein synthesis
S: DNA replication (doubles set of DNA)
G2: organelle synthesis

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26
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase - DNA coils into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibres form
Metaphase - chromosomes line up in middle of the cell, centromeres attach to spindle fibres
Anaphase - spindle fibres split centromeres, sister chromatids move to opposite sides
Telophase - chromatids uncoil - nucleus reforms (2 genetically identical nuclei)

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27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separates cell into 2, cytoplasm splits

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28
Q

What happens to DNA mass in mitosis?

A

Halves

29
Q

What happens to number of chromosomes in mitosis?

A

Stays the same, diploid

30
Q

What is cancer?

A

Formation of tumour due to uncontrolled cell division

31
Q

How does uncontrolled cell division occur?

A

Mutations of DNA/ cells forming cancer cells
mutations either random or due to mutagens
rapidly dividing

32
Q

Treatment for cancer?

A

Surgery
chemotherapy
radiotherapy

33
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 genetically different cells, haploid (half the amount of chromosome/DNA)

34
Q

Benefits of meiosis

A

Produces gametes

35
Q

Stages of meiosis

A

Interphase, meiosis 1, meiosis 2, cytokinesis

36
Q

Interphase

A

G1 - protein synthesis
S - DNA replication
G2 - organelle synthesis

37
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Prophase 1 - DNA coils, forms chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibres form, crossing over
Metaphase 1 - homologous pairs line up in middle of cell attached at centromere via random assortment
Anaphase 1 - spindle fibres pull, homologous pairs separated by independent segregation
Telophase 1 - chromosomes uncoil, nucleus reforms, left with 2 nuclei

38
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Prophase 2 - DNA coils, chromosomes foil, nucleus breakdown, spindle fibres form, crossing over occurs
Metaphase 2 - homologous pair of chromosomes line up in middle, spindle fibre attach
Anaphase 2 - sister chromatids move to opposite sides
Telophase 2 _chromatids uncoil, nucleus reforms, left with 4 genetically different nuclei

39
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separating cell into 4

40
Q

How does meiosis produce variation?

A

Crossing over and independent segregation

41
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes wrap around each other and swap equivalent sections of chromatids, new combinations of alleles

42
Q

What is independent segregation?

A

Homologous pairs separate, chromatids separate, produces mix of alleles from paternal and maternal chromosomes

43
Q

What happens to DNA mass in meiosis>

A

Quaters

44
Q

What happens to chromosome number in meiosis?

A

Halves (haploid)

45
Q

How do bacteria do cell division?

A 
Binary fission
copy DNA (single loop and plasmids)
separate into 2 genetically identical bacteria
46
Q

2 types of microscopes

A

Light and electron (scanning/ transmission)

47
Q

How to judge a microscope?

A

Magnification and resolution

48
Q

Magnification

A

How much larger image size is compared to actual size

TEM>SEM>LM

49
Q

Formula for magnification

A

M=I/A

50
Q

Conversion

A

1mm=1000micrometre, 1mm=1000000nanometre

51
Q

Resolution

A

Minimum distance at which 2 very close objects can be distinguished
TEM>SEM>LM

52
Q

How do electron microscopes have higher resolution?

A

They use electrons which have a shorter wavelength

53
Q

Difference between TEM and SEM

A 
TEM= electrons pass through specimen
SEM= bounce off specimen surface
54
Q

TEM advantages and disadvantages

A

Highest magnification and resolution

works in vacuum so must be dead, black and white, 2D

55
Q

SEM advantages and disadvantages

A

Produces 3D image

works in vacuum so dead specimen, black and white

56
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Breakdown tissue into cells
add cold, isotonic, buffer potential (reduce enzyme activity, same water potential, constant pH)
homogenate - breaks open cell
centrifugation - low to high speeds, nucleus then smaller

57
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Molecules move directly through phospholipid bilayer

58
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules pass through transport proteins

59
Q

Factors affecting rate of diffusion

A 
Surface area
concentration gradient
thickness
temperature
pH
size of molecules
60
Q

Ficks law

A

(Surface area x concentration gradient) / thickness

61
Q

Osmosis definition

A

Movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential to low water potential through a partially permeable membrane

62
Q

Water potential

A

Pure distilled water = 0kpa
lower water potential by adding solutes
water moves from less negative water potential -35kpa to more negative water potential -75kpa

63
Q

Surround animal cell with water

A

Swells and bursts

64
Q

Surround plant cell with pure water

A

Swells but does not burst

cell is turgid

65
Q

Surround animal cell with concentrated sugar/salt solution

A

Shrinks, water leaves via osmosis

66
Q

Surround plant cell with concentrated sugar/salt concentration

A

Water leaves via osmosis, cell wall stops shrinking, protoplast shrinks, plosmolysed

67
Q

Active transport definition

A

movement of particles against concentration gradient using ATP and carrier proteins

68
Q

Process of active transport

A

Molecules in area of low concentration bind to carrier protein
ATP becomes ADP, Pi and energy
Pi and energy cause protein to change shape
Carrier protein release molecule on other side
Carrier protein releases Pi and returns to original shape

Biology (14 decks)

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