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Biology > Module 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdoms

A

Animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, protoctista
animal+plant=multicelluler
bacteria+fungi+protoctista=microorganism

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

animal/plant, membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Prokaryotic

A

bacteria, no membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents each provide one gamete

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

1 parent produces genetically identical offspring

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6
Q

Zygote development

A

stem cell, mitosis, many stem cells, differentiation, specialised cells, mitosis, tissue, organ, organ system

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7
Q

Tissue

A

group of specialised cells

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8
Q

Organ

A

Made of different tissues

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9
Q

Organ system

A

Different organs working together

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions

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11
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Holds cell together, controls what enters/ leaves the cell

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA
DNA wrapped around histones to form chromatin
double membrane/ nuclear envelope, has pores
centre is nucleolus, produces mRNA
rest is nucleoplasm, contains DNA

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reitculum

A

Rough - has ribosomes, synthesises proteins

Smooth - has no ribosomes, makes lipids/ carbohydrates

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14
Q

Golgi body

A

Modifies and packages proteins
packages them into vesicles
digestive enzymes placed in lysosomes (vesicles with membranes)

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of respiration, releases energy, produces ATP
double membrane, inner called cristae (folded) increases SA
middle portion called matrix

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Attached to RER

site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, prevents cell from bursting or shrinking

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle for photosynthesis
double membrane
thylakoids, contain chlorophyll, stack of thylakoids called granum, surrounded by fluid called stroma

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

Has membrane called tonoplast, contains water

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20
Q

Bacteria

A

No nucleus - DNA forms single loop and plasmid
no membrane bound bound organelles, infolding of cell membrane for respiration
cytoplasm
cell membrane and wall (made of peptidoglycan/murein)
some have capsule (reduce water loss)
some have flagella (movement)

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21
Q

Virus

A

DNA OR RNA
protein coat called capsid
attachment proteins outside

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA in coiled form
formed in interphase
made of 2 sister chromatids
carries 2 copies of the same DNA molecule

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23
Q

Homologous pair

A

Pair of chromosomes, one from mother, one from father

carry same genes but different alleles

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24
Q

What is mitosis

A

2 genetically identical cells, diploid (have full set of chromosomes/DNA)
growth and repair
3 stages, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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25
Interphase
G1: protein synthesis S: DNA replication (doubles set of DNA) G2: organelle synthesis
26
Mitosis
Prophase - DNA coils into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibres form Metaphase - chromosomes line up in middle of the cell, centromeres attach to spindle fibres Anaphase - spindle fibres split centromeres, sister chromatids move to opposite sides Telophase - chromatids uncoil - nucleus reforms (2 genetically identical nuclei)
27
Cytokinesis
Separates cell into 2, cytoplasm splits
28
What happens to DNA mass in mitosis?
Halves
29
What happens to number of chromosomes in mitosis?
Stays the same, diploid
30
What is cancer?
Formation of tumour due to uncontrolled cell division
31
How does uncontrolled cell division occur?
Mutations of DNA/ cells forming cancer cells mutations either random or due to mutagens rapidly dividing
32
Treatment for cancer?
Surgery chemotherapy radiotherapy
33
What does meiosis produce?
4 genetically different cells, haploid (half the amount of chromosome/DNA)
34
Benefits of meiosis
Produces gametes
35
Stages of meiosis
Interphase, meiosis 1, meiosis 2, cytokinesis
36
Interphase
G1 - protein synthesis S - DNA replication G2 - organelle synthesis
37
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1 - DNA coils, forms chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibres form, crossing over Metaphase 1 - homologous pairs line up in middle of cell attached at centromere via random assortment Anaphase 1 - spindle fibres pull, homologous pairs separated by independent segregation Telophase 1 - chromosomes uncoil, nucleus reforms, left with 2 nuclei
38
Meiosis 2
Prophase 2 - DNA coils, chromosomes foil, nucleus breakdown, spindle fibres form, crossing over occurs Metaphase 2 - homologous pair of chromosomes line up in middle, spindle fibre attach Anaphase 2 - sister chromatids move to opposite sides Telophase 2 _chromatids uncoil, nucleus reforms, left with 4 genetically different nuclei
39
Cytokinesis
Separating cell into 4
40
How does meiosis produce variation?
Crossing over and independent segregation
41
What is crossing over?
Homologous chromosomes wrap around each other and swap equivalent sections of chromatids, new combinations of alleles
42
What is independent segregation?
Homologous pairs separate, chromatids separate, produces mix of alleles from paternal and maternal chromosomes
43
What happens to DNA mass in meiosis>
Quaters
44
What happens to chromosome number in meiosis?
Halves (haploid)
45
How do bacteria do cell division?
``` Binary fission copy DNA (single loop and plasmids) separate into 2 genetically identical bacteria ```
46
2 types of microscopes
Light and electron (scanning/ transmission)
47
How to judge a microscope?
Magnification and resolution
48
Magnification
How much larger image size is compared to actual size | TEM>SEM>LM
49
Formula for magnification
M=I/A
50
Conversion
1mm=1000micrometre, 1mm=1000000nanometre
51
Resolution
Minimum distance at which 2 very close objects can be distinguished TEM>SEM>LM
52
How do electron microscopes have higher resolution?
They use electrons which have a shorter wavelength
53
Difference between TEM and SEM
``` TEM= electrons pass through specimen SEM= bounce off specimen surface ```
54
TEM advantages and disadvantages
Highest magnification and resolution | works in vacuum so must be dead, black and white, 2D
55
SEM advantages and disadvantages
Produces 3D image | works in vacuum so dead specimen, black and white
56
Cell fractionation
Breakdown tissue into cells add cold, isotonic, buffer potential (reduce enzyme activity, same water potential, constant pH) homogenate - breaks open cell centrifugation - low to high speeds, nucleus then smaller
57
Simple diffusion
Molecules move directly through phospholipid bilayer
58
Facilitated diffusion
Molecules pass through transport proteins
59
Factors affecting rate of diffusion
``` Surface area concentration gradient thickness temperature pH size of molecules ```
60
Ficks law
(Surface area x concentration gradient) / thickness
61
Osmosis definition
Movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential to low water potential through a partially permeable membrane
62
Water potential
Pure distilled water = 0kpa lower water potential by adding solutes water moves from less negative water potential -35kpa to more negative water potential -75kpa
63
Surround animal cell with water
Swells and bursts
64
Surround plant cell with pure water
Swells but does not burst | cell is turgid
65
Surround animal cell with concentrated sugar/salt solution
Shrinks, water leaves via osmosis
66
Surround plant cell with concentrated sugar/salt concentration
Water leaves via osmosis, cell wall stops shrinking, protoplast shrinks, plosmolysed
67
Active transport definition
movement of particles against concentration gradient using ATP and carrier proteins
68
Process of active transport
Molecules in area of low concentration bind to carrier protein ATP becomes ADP, Pi and energy Pi and energy cause protein to change shape Carrier protein release molecule on other side Carrier protein releases Pi and returns to original shape

Biology (14 decks)

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