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Biology > Module 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Module 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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2
Q

How are monosaccharides joined

A

condensation reaction

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3
Q

Bond in carbohydrate

A

1-4 glycosidic

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4
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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5
Q

Disaccharides formula

A

c12h22o11

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6
Q

How are polymers seperated

A

hydrolysis

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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8
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates, many monosaccharides, joined by condensation reaction/ glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

Starch

A

Energy stores, alpha glucose, amylose=coiled, amylopectin=straight+branches
insoluble, compact/coiled, branched

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10
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy stores, alpha glucose, straight chain

insoluble, compact/coiled, branched

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose, cell wall, pleated, hydrogen bonds, microfibrils, macrofibrils, strong

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12
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine-blue/black

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13
Q

Reducing sugar test

A

Heat with Benedicts, turns brick-red

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14
Q

Non-reducing sugar test

A

Heat with benedicts, no change,
hydrochloric acid (hydrolyses glycosidic bond)
sodium hydrogen carbonate (neutralises solution)
heat with benedicts, brick-red

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15
Q

Globular proteins

A

Soluble, specific 3D shape, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

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16
Q

Fibrous

A

Strong, insoluble, collagen, keratin

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17
Q

Protein building blocks

A

Amino acids

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18
Q

Structure of amino acid

A

H
|
NH2 - C - COOH
|
R

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19
Q

How do amino acids differ

A

Different R groups

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20
Q

How are amino acids joined together

A

Condensation reaction between carboxyl and amine group,

peptide bond

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21
Q

Primary structure

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids

22
Q

Secondary

A

Polypeptide chain coils to form helix, hydrogen bonds and microfibrils form beta pleated sheet

23
Q

Tertiary

A

Secondary structure folds to form specific 3D structure

24
Q

Quaternary

A

Made of more than 1 polypeptide chain

25
Q

Test for protein

A

Add biuret, turns purple

26
Q

Lock and key model

A

Active site is rigid, only complementary substrates bind

27
Q

Induced fit model

A

Active site changes shape to fit the substrate

28
Q

Affect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A

Increase substrate concentration, more chance of successful collisions, more chance of successful enzyme-substrate complex, increase rate of reaction
continues until all active sites are being used

29
Q

Affect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity

A

Increase enzyme concentration, more chance of collisions, more chance of enzyme-substrate complex, increase rate of reaction
Continues until all substrates are used up = maximum rate of reaction

30
Q

Affect of temperature on enzyme activity

A

temperature increase, kinetic energy increase, more collisions, more chance of enzyme substrate complex, increase rate of reaction
after optimum breaks tertiary structure, active site changes, enzyme denatures, rate of reaction decreases

31
Q

Affect of pH on enzyme activity

A

If change in pH away from the optimum bonds break, active site changes, enzyme denatured, rate of reaction decreases

32
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Substance with complementary shape to enzyme active site, binds, blocks substrate from binding

33
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors

A

Substance that binds to another part of the enzyme, changes shape of the enzyme active site, no longer complementary to substrate

34
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
joined by condensation reaction, ester bonds
bond is COOC
saturated and unsaturated

35
Q

Saturated fats

A

No double bonds, solid

36
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Double bonds, causes kink, liquid

37
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate
phosphate forms a hydrophilic head, fatty acids form hydrophobic tail
forms phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polymers made from nucleotides (DNA + RNA)

39
Q

DNA

A

DeoxyRiboNucleic Acid

carries genes

40
Q

DNA building blocks

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

41
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix - acts as template in replication
nucleotides join via condensation reaction between phosphate and sugar
hydrogen bonds between the bases - weak so easy separation
double strand - compact
Sugar phosphate backbone - protects bases

42
Q

DNA replication

A

Interphase

semi-conservative

43
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
2 template strands
free complementary bases line up with templates
DNA polymerase joins the sugar phosphate backbone

44
Q

Evidence for semi-conservative replication

A

replicating bacteria either 15N or 14N
14N=light isotope
15N=heavy isotope
Bacterial DNA made from 15N have heavy density
Bacterial DNA made from 14N have light density
Experiment - both combined, produce half 15 half 14

45
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
mRNA + tRNA
single stranded
phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases-AUCG

46
Q

ATP

A 
Adenine triphosphate
ADP+Pi+energy=ATP
condensation reaction using ATP synthase
ATP=ADP+Pi+energy released
hydrolysis using ATP hydrolase
releases energy from its bonds
47
Q

What makes ATP good

A

Immediate source

releases small amount of energy

48
Q

Uses of ATP

A 
Protein synthesis
organelle synthesis
DNA replication
cell division
active transport
metabolic reactions
movement
maintaining body temperatures
49
Q

Role of water

A

found in living organism - cytoplasm, xylem/phloem, tissue fluid
acts as habitat

50
Q

Properties of water

A

Water molecules are dipolar
Hydrogen has +ve charge, oxygen has -ve charge
so, h20 molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other

51
Q

Role of water

A

Habitat- high specific heat capacity, lots of heat needed for evaporation
when water freezes it becomes ice, less dense, floats on top, insulating underneath for organisms

Solvent- h20 molecules dipolar, can separate based on charge, +ve hydrogen and -ve oxygen mix with counterparts on solution, dissolves, useful in cytoplasm, diffusion, phloem etc

Hydrostatic pressure - when pressurised provides strong pushing force, mass flow, helps turgidity in plants

Homeostasis - control body temp by sweating, heat from blood to evaporate, sweat made of hydrogen bonds, large amount of heat to evaporate, latent heat of vaporisation

52
Q

Inorganic ions

A 
Salts/minerals
Inorganic = does not contain carbon, ion = charged
sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (Cl-)

Biology (14 decks)

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