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MEDSCI 142 > Module 2 - Autonomic and Endocrine > Flashcards

Module 2 - Autonomic and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

nerve synapses vs hormones

A

nerve synapses are very quick process (few ms) compared to sending signals via bloodstream (few s or mins)

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2
Q

nerves

A

coordinate our actions and bodily functions

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3
Q

sensory

A
  • afferent
  • PNS -> CNS
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4
Q

motor

A
  • efferent
  • CNS -> PNS
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5
Q

somatic

A
  • voluntary
  • skeletal muscle
  • booth
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6
Q

autonomic

A
  • involuntary
  • sympathetic / parasympathetic
  • cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
  • curtis
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7
Q

autonomic sensory input

A

interoceptors (internal sensing)

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8
Q

somatic sensory input

A
  • special senses
  • somatic senses
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9
Q

autonomic control of output

A

involuntary
- limbic system (inner structure)
- hypothalamus
- brain stem
- spinal cord

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10
Q

somatic control of output

A
  • cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain)
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11
Q

autonomic effectors

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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12
Q

somatic effectors

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

somatic motor neuron

A
  • myelinated
  • acetylcholine
  • need to go to particular muscle
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14
Q

autonomic preganglionic neuron

A
  • myelinated
  • acetylcholine
  • go to autonomic ganglion
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15
Q

autonomic postganglionic neuron

A
  • unmyelinated
  • acetylcholine (parasympathetic, sympathetic sweat glands) or norepinephrine (sympathetic other)
  • goes to various organs simultaneously
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16
Q

somatic motor neuron pathway

A

one neuron pathway

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17
Q

autonomic motor neuron pathway

A

two neuron pathway to diffuse signal
- preganglionic
- postganglionic

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18
Q

autonomic divisions

A
  • sympathetic (alarm response)
  • parasympathetic (relaxation response)
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19
Q

sympathetic division associated with

A
  • exercise
  • emotion
  • excitement
  • sensing danger
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20
Q

sympathetic division process

A

nervous system -> adrenal glands -> adrenaline -> short burst of energy for response

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21
Q

sympathetic division effects

A

•Heart: Increase rate and contraction force
•Eyes: Dilate pupils
•Mouth: Decrease saliva
•Lungs: Dilate bronchi and breathe faster
•Skin:
- Constrict peripheral blood vessels
- Contract arrector pili muscles
- Increase sweat secretion
•Gut: Decrease digestion
•Increase blood sugar
•Increase blood pressure and water retention

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22
Q

raynaud disease

A
  • excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress / exposure to cold
  • chronic vasoconstriction
  • extremities become ischemic, cold, white
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23
Q

ischemic

A

lack of blood => don’t get nutrients

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24
Q

parasympathetic associated with

A
  • repletion
  • rest
  • relaxation
  • resistance
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25
Q

parasympathetic effects

A

•Heart: Decrease rate and contraction force
•Eyes: Contract pupils
•Mouth: Increase saliva
•Lungs: Constrict bronchi, breathe more slowly
•Skin: Dilate peripheral blood vessels
•Gut: Increase digestion

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26
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls internal organs via
- autonomic nervous system
- pituitary gland (links to other parts of body via endocrine system)

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27
Q

autonomic + endocrine systems regulate

A
  • behaviour patterns
  • circadian rhythm
  • body temperature
  • eating / drinking
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28
Q

endocrine organs function

A

secrete hormones into bloodstream that affects what’s happening in other body parts

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29
Q

endocrine organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, ovary, testes

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30
Q

types of hormones by release/effect

A
  • endocrine hormones
  • paracrine hormones
  • autocrine hormones
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31
Q

endocrine hormones

A

through bloodstream, distant target cell

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32
Q

paracrine hormones

A

nearby target cell

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33
Q

autocrine hormones

A

same target cell

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34
Q

hormone producing cell

A

synthesis -> storage -> release

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35
Q

control of hormone release

A

hormone releasing cell -> blood -> desired response (target cell) -> feedback signal

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36
Q

types of hormones by solubility

A
  • lipid soluble hormones
  • water soluble hormones
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37
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

1) soluble transport protein (blood is aqueous environ)
2) hormone diffuses into cell across lipid bilayer
3) hormone binds to nucleus receptor
4) activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
5) newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins
6) new protein alters cell’s activity

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38
Q

water soluble hormones

A

1) hormone binds to receptors in plasma membrane
2) G protein activated which activates adenylyl cyclase
3) adenylyl cyclase converts ATP -> cAMP
4) activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5) phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
6) phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP

39
Q

cAMP

A

second messenger to activate protein kinase

40
Q

importance of indicibility

A

important to regulate up/down and keep things controlled

41
Q

cholera toxin

A

binds to G protein => G protein locked in activated state => high cAMP => Cl- pumped into intestines => water efflux => chronic diarrhoea

42
Q

anterior pituitary releases

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

43
Q

anterior pituitary responds to

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones from ventral hypothalamus: GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH

44
Q

anterior pituitary connects to

A

hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system
=> vascular connection

45
Q

posterior pituitary releases

A

oxytocin + ADH

46
Q

posterior pituitary responds

A

directly to hypothalamic neurons

47
Q

posterior pituitary connects to

A

hypothalamus via the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
=> neural connection

48
Q

infundibulum

A

stalk that connects pituitary to brain

49
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • 9 hormones
  • releasing / inhibiting hormones to control pituitary
50
Q

pituitary

A
  • 7 hormones
  • controlling endocrine organs
51
Q

hypophyseal portal veins

A

allows hypothalamus to communicate via hormones with anterior pituitary

52
Q

hypothalamus/pituitary together regulate

A
  • growth
  • development
  • metabolism
  • homeostasis
53
Q

hypothalamus/pituitary hormone flow

A

axon termini -> portal vein -> secondary plexus -> pituitary target cells

54
Q

axon termini

A

releasing and inhibitory hormones released from here

55
Q

parts of adrenal gland

A
  • capsule (keep integrity)
  • cortex (outer layer)
  • medulla (diff type of cell => diff function - inner layer)
56
Q

adrenal medulla associated nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system
- neuron triggers medulla to release its hormones into nervous system

57
Q

adrenal medulla pathway

A

sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> modified postganglionic neurons (adrenal medulla) acting as secretory cells -> hormones into bloodstream

58
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

59
Q

adrenal medulla stimulated by

A

acetylcholine from sympathetic preganglionic neurons

60
Q

adrenal medulla principal actions

A

enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm (fight-and-flight) response (first stage of stress response)

61
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A
  • mineralocorticoids (e.g aldosterone)
  • glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol)
62
Q

adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoids stimulated by

A

increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood

63
Q

adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoids principal actions

A
  • increase Na+ and water
  • decrease K+ in blood
    => increased blood volume / pressure
64
Q

adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids stimulated by

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulated by CRH

65
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

66
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

67
Q

adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids principal actions

A
  • resistance reaction to stress
  • dampens/controls inflammation to stop getting out of hand
  • depresses immune response (focus on immediate response at the expense of long term)
68
Q

actions of cortisol

A
  • protein breakdown
  • gluconeogenesis
  • lipolysis
  • resistance to stress
  • vasoconstriction
  • anti-inflammatory
  • immune depression
69
Q

actions of cortisol - protein breakdown

A

Increase protein breakdown mainly in muscle fibres to rebuild
=> Amino acids released into bloodstream may be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production.

70
Q

actions of cortisol - gluconeogenesis

A

Liver cells convert some amino acids or lactic acid to glucose
=> neurons and other cells use the glucose for ATP production.

71
Q

actions of cortisol - lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood.
=> Triglyceride and fatty acid availability

72
Q

actions of cortisol - resistance to stress

A

Increased glucose and ATP combat stresses such as exercise, fasting, fright, temperature extremes, high altitude, bleeding, infection, surgery, trauma, and disease.

73
Q

actions of cortisol - vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels become more sensitive to hormones that cause vasoconstriction
=> Rise in blood pressure

74
Q

actions of cortisol - anti-inflammatory

A

Inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses to limit tissue damage by them
=> Slow tissue repair and slow wound healing

75
Q

actions of cortisol - immune depression

A

High glucocorticoid concentration depress immune responses
=> Used therapeutically following organ transplants to retard graft rejection

Alter immune responsiveness (change balance of immune response)
=> increased susceptibility to some infections

76
Q

two stages of stress response

A

1) alarm (fight-or-flight) response
2) resistance reaction

77
Q

alarm response

A

immediate burst of sympathetic autonomic activation
1) => visceral effectors => immediate response
2) => adrenal medulla => sustained/extended alarm response

78
Q

alarm response effects

A
  • mobilise resources for immediate physical activity (blood pressure, heart rate etc.)
  • glucose/oxygen consumption
  • alterness and activity
  • ward off danger (fight) or flee (flight)
  • pounding heart
  • cold sweat (increased sweat gland secretion)
  • pale skin
  • goose flesh
  • rapid breathing
79
Q

resistance reaction features

A
  • slower, longer lasting (rather than through nervous system)
  • associated with hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex
80
Q

resistance reaction effects

A
  • reduce tissue damage
  • corticosteroid (cortisol) production
  • increased glucose (gluconeogenesis), fatty acids (lipolysis), amino acids (protein breakdown)
  • elevated blood pressure
  • reduced inflammation
  • altered immunity
81
Q

resistance reaction negative feedback control

A

elevated cortisol inhibits release of:
1) ACTH by anterior pituitary corticotrophs
2) CRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

82
Q

neuro-immune link activities coordinated by

A
  • hormones (e.g cortisol)
  • autonomic nerves
  • cytokines (immune hormones)
83
Q

hormones - neuroimmune link

A
  • can affect secondary lymphoid organs
  • affect balance of immune system + other hormones affecting T and B lymphocyte responses
84
Q

neuroendocrine system

A

infection causes behaviour change

85
Q

cave person adaptation

A

short-term remedial action (change relationship to world)
1) threat system arousal
- blood (energy)
- muscle (motor)
- vigilance (sensory)
2) dampen unnecessary
- digestion
- immunity

86
Q

types of stress

A

1) eustress (acute)
2) distress (chronic - prolonged)

87
Q

eustress

A
  • prepares us to meet certain challenges
  • helpful, beneficial
88
Q

distress

A
  • associated with undesirable events
  • potentially harmful physiological changes
89
Q

habitually hostile people =>

A

chronic sympathetic activation
- heart working harder
- capillaries constricted
=> greater risk of cardiac infarct (heart attack/stroke)

90
Q

stress cardiomyopathy syndrome

A

heart attack like symptoms after stressful events
- highlights importance of systems/stress response and power of uncontrolled response

91
Q

autonomic neurons that use acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

92
Q

autonomic neurons that use norepinephrine

A

adrenergic

93
Q

receptors on postganglionic neurons that respond to acetylcholine

A

nicotinic receptors

94
Q

receptors on effector cell that respond to ACh

A

muscarinic receptors
- sweat gland cell sympathetic stimulation
- effectors cells of parasympathetic stimulation

MEDSCI 142 (8 decks)

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