Module 2 - Autonomic and Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
nerve synapses vs hormones
A
nerve synapses are very quick process (few ms) compared to sending signals via bloodstream (few s or mins)
2
Q
nerves
A
coordinate our actions and bodily functions
3
Q
sensory
A
- afferent
- PNS -> CNS
4
Q
motor
A
- efferent
- CNS -> PNS
5
Q
somatic
A
- voluntary
- skeletal muscle
- booth
6
Q
autonomic
A
- involuntary
- sympathetic / parasympathetic
- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
- curtis
7
Q
autonomic sensory input
A
interoceptors (internal sensing)
8
Q
somatic sensory input
A
- special senses
- somatic senses
9
Q
autonomic control of output
A
involuntary
- limbic system (inner structure)
- hypothalamus
- brain stem
- spinal cord
10
Q
somatic control of output
A
- cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain)
11
Q
autonomic effectors
A
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
12
Q
somatic effectors
A
skeletal muscle
13
Q
somatic motor neuron
A
- myelinated
- acetylcholine
- need to go to particular muscle
14
Q
autonomic preganglionic neuron
A
- myelinated
- acetylcholine
- go to autonomic ganglion
15
Q
autonomic postganglionic neuron
A
- unmyelinated
- acetylcholine (parasympathetic, sympathetic sweat glands) or norepinephrine (sympathetic other)
- goes to various organs simultaneously
16
Q
somatic motor neuron pathway
A
one neuron pathway
17
Q
autonomic motor neuron pathway
A
two neuron pathway to diffuse signal
- preganglionic
- postganglionic
18
Q
autonomic divisions
A
- sympathetic (alarm response)
- parasympathetic (relaxation response)
19
Q
sympathetic division associated with
A
- exercise
- emotion
- excitement
- sensing danger
20
Q
sympathetic division process
A
nervous system -> adrenal glands -> adrenaline -> short burst of energy for response
21
Q
sympathetic division effects
A
•Heart: Increase rate and contraction force
•Eyes: Dilate pupils
•Mouth: Decrease saliva
•Lungs: Dilate bronchi and breathe faster
•Skin:
- Constrict peripheral blood vessels
- Contract arrector pili muscles
- Increase sweat secretion
•Gut: Decrease digestion
•Increase blood sugar
•Increase blood pressure and water retention
22
Q
raynaud disease
A
- excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress / exposure to cold
- chronic vasoconstriction
- extremities become ischemic, cold, white
23
Q
ischemic
A
lack of blood => don’t get nutrients
24
Q
parasympathetic associated with
A
- repletion
- rest
- relaxation
- resistance
25
parasympathetic effects
•Heart: Decrease rate and contraction force
•Eyes: Contract pupils
•Mouth: Increase saliva
•Lungs: Constrict bronchi, breathe more slowly
•Skin: Dilate peripheral blood vessels
•Gut: Increase digestion
26
hypothalamus
controls internal organs via
- autonomic nervous system
- pituitary gland (links to other parts of body via endocrine system)
27
autonomic + endocrine systems regulate
- behaviour patterns
- circadian rhythm
- body temperature
- eating / drinking
28
endocrine organs function
secrete hormones into bloodstream that affects what's happening in other body parts
29
endocrine organs
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, ovary, testes
30
types of hormones by release/effect
- endocrine hormones
- paracrine hormones
- autocrine hormones
31
endocrine hormones
through bloodstream, distant target cell
32
paracrine hormones
nearby target cell
33
autocrine hormones
same target cell
34
hormone producing cell
synthesis -> storage -> release
35
control of hormone release
hormone releasing cell -> blood -> desired response (target cell) -> feedback signal
36
types of hormones by solubility
- lipid soluble hormones
- water soluble hormones
37
lipid soluble hormones
1) soluble transport protein (blood is aqueous environ)
2) hormone diffuses into cell across lipid bilayer
3) hormone binds to nucleus receptor
4) activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
5) newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins
6) new protein alters cell's activity
38
water soluble hormones
1) hormone binds to receptors in plasma membrane
2) G protein activated which activates adenylyl cyclase
3) adenylyl cyclase converts ATP -> cAMP
4) activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5) phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
6) phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP
39
cAMP
second messenger to activate protein kinase
40
importance of indicibility
important to regulate up/down and keep things controlled
41
cholera toxin
binds to G protein => G protein locked in activated state => high cAMP => Cl- pumped into intestines => water efflux => chronic diarrhoea
42
anterior pituitary releases
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
43
anterior pituitary responds to
releasing and inhibiting hormones from ventral hypothalamus: GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH
44
anterior pituitary connects to
hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system
=> vascular connection
45
posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin + ADH
46
posterior pituitary responds
directly to hypothalamic neurons
47
posterior pituitary connects to
hypothalamus via the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
=> neural connection
48
infundibulum
stalk that connects pituitary to brain
49
hypothalamus
- 9 hormones
- releasing / inhibiting hormones to control pituitary
50
pituitary
- 7 hormones
- controlling endocrine organs
51
hypophyseal portal veins
allows hypothalamus to communicate via hormones with anterior pituitary
52
hypothalamus/pituitary together regulate
- growth
- development
- metabolism
- homeostasis
53
hypothalamus/pituitary hormone flow
axon termini -> portal vein -> secondary plexus -> pituitary target cells
54
axon termini
releasing and inhibitory hormones released from here
55
parts of adrenal gland
- capsule (keep integrity)
- cortex (outer layer)
- medulla (diff type of cell => diff function - inner layer)
56
adrenal medulla associated nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
- neuron triggers medulla to release its hormones into nervous system
57
adrenal medulla pathway
sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> modified postganglionic neurons (adrenal medulla) acting as secretory cells -> hormones into bloodstream
58
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine/norepinephrine
59
adrenal medulla stimulated by
acetylcholine from sympathetic preganglionic neurons
60
adrenal medulla principal actions
enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm (fight-and-flight) response (first stage of stress response)
61
adrenal cortex hormones
- mineralocorticoids (e.g aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol)
62
adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoids stimulated by
increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood
63
adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoids principal actions
- increase Na+ and water
- decrease K+ in blood
=> increased blood volume / pressure
64
adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids stimulated by
ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulated by CRH
65
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
66
CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
67
adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids principal actions
- resistance reaction to stress
- dampens/controls inflammation to stop getting out of hand
- depresses immune response (focus on immediate response at the expense of long term)
68
actions of cortisol
- protein breakdown
- gluconeogenesis
- lipolysis
- resistance to stress
- vasoconstriction
- anti-inflammatory
- immune depression
69
actions of cortisol - protein breakdown
Increase protein breakdown mainly in muscle fibres to rebuild
=> Amino acids released into bloodstream may be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production.
70
actions of cortisol - gluconeogenesis
Liver cells convert some amino acids or lactic acid to glucose
=> neurons and other cells use the glucose for ATP production.
71
actions of cortisol - lipolysis
Breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood.
=> Triglyceride and fatty acid availability
72
actions of cortisol - resistance to stress
Increased glucose and ATP combat stresses such as exercise, fasting, fright, temperature extremes, high altitude, bleeding, infection, surgery, trauma, and disease.
73
actions of cortisol - vasoconstriction
Blood vessels become more sensitive to hormones that cause vasoconstriction
=> Rise in blood pressure
74
actions of cortisol - anti-inflammatory
Inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses to limit tissue damage by them
=> Slow tissue repair and slow wound healing
75
actions of cortisol - immune depression
High glucocorticoid concentration depress immune responses
=> Used therapeutically following organ transplants to retard graft rejection
Alter immune responsiveness (change balance of immune response)
=> increased susceptibility to some infections
76
two stages of stress response
1) alarm (fight-or-flight) response
2) resistance reaction
77
alarm response
immediate burst of sympathetic autonomic activation
1) => visceral effectors => immediate response
2) => adrenal medulla => sustained/extended alarm response
78
alarm response effects
- mobilise resources for immediate physical activity (blood pressure, heart rate etc.)
- glucose/oxygen consumption
- alterness and activity
- ward off danger (fight) or flee (flight)
- pounding heart
- cold sweat (increased sweat gland secretion)
- pale skin
- goose flesh
- rapid breathing
79
resistance reaction features
- slower, longer lasting (rather than through nervous system)
- associated with hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex
80
resistance reaction effects
- reduce tissue damage
- corticosteroid (cortisol) production
- increased glucose (gluconeogenesis), fatty acids (lipolysis), amino acids (protein breakdown)
- elevated blood pressure
- reduced inflammation
- altered immunity
81
resistance reaction negative feedback control
elevated cortisol inhibits release of:
1) ACTH by anterior pituitary corticotrophs
2) CRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
82
neuro-immune link activities coordinated by
- hormones (e.g cortisol)
- autonomic nerves
- cytokines (immune hormones)
83
hormones - neuroimmune link
- can affect secondary lymphoid organs
- affect balance of immune system + other hormones affecting T and B lymphocyte responses
84
neuroendocrine system
infection causes behaviour change
85
cave person adaptation
short-term remedial action (change relationship to world)
1) threat system arousal
- blood (energy)
- muscle (motor)
- vigilance (sensory)
2) dampen unnecessary
- digestion
- immunity
86
types of stress
1) eustress (acute)
2) distress (chronic - prolonged)
87
eustress
- prepares us to meet certain challenges
- helpful, beneficial
88
distress
- associated with undesirable events
- potentially harmful physiological changes
89
habitually hostile people =>
chronic sympathetic activation
- heart working harder
- capillaries constricted
=> greater risk of cardiac infarct (heart attack/stroke)
90
stress cardiomyopathy syndrome
heart attack like symptoms after stressful events
- highlights importance of systems/stress response and power of uncontrolled response
91
autonomic neurons that use acetylcholine
cholinergic
92
autonomic neurons that use norepinephrine
adrenergic
93
receptors on postganglionic neurons that respond to acetylcholine
nicotinic receptors
94
receptors on effector cell that respond to ACh
muscarinic receptors
- sweat gland cell sympathetic stimulation
- effectors cells of parasympathetic stimulation
