Lab 2 - Human Brain

Question 1

lateral ventricle

Answer 1

inside is choroid plexus

Question 2

choroid plexus

Answer 2

makes CSF

Question 3

CSF function

Answer 3

• protects
• nutrients
• removing waste

Question 4

thalamus

Answer 4

relay station for sensory input
- 2 halves connected by intermediate mass

Question 5

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 5

groove separating parietal and occipital lobes

Question 6

cingulate gyrus

Answer 6

limbic system (emotions)

Question 7

oculomotor nerves

Answer 7

• movement of eyes
• one of many cranial nerves

Question 8

mammilary body

Answer 8

olfactory reflex

Question 9

pituitary

Answer 9

secretes hormones

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

• homeostasis
• control hormone release from pituitary
• control autonomic nervous system

Question 11

corpus callosum

Answer 11

• commissural fibres (white myelinated axons)
• left <-> right
• white matter

Question 12

types of fibres

Answer 12

1) commissural fibres
2) association fibres
3) projection fibres

Question 13

commissural fibres

Answer 13

between hemispheres (left/right)
- e.g corpus callosum, anterior/posterior commissure

Question 14

association fibres

Answer 14

front (anterior)/back (posterior)
- e.g arcuate fasciculus

Question 15

projection fibres

Answer 15

up (superior)/down (inferior)
ascending/descending
- e.g internal capsule

Question 16

descending projection fibres

Answer 16

• efferent fibres
• exit brain

Question 17

ascending projection fibres

Answer 17

• afferent fibres
• to the brain

Question 18

four landmarks

Answer 18

• lateral fissure
• preoccipital notch
• end of parieto/occipital sulcus
• central sulcus

Question 19

forebrain: superficial part of hemispheres

Answer 19

• cortex
• corpus callosum
• parieto-occipital sulcus
• calcarine sulcus
• primary visual cortex

Question 20

forebrain: diencephalon

Answer 20

• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• third ventricle
• mammillary bodies

Question 21

primary visual cortex

Answer 21

centred on calcarine sulcus

Question 22

third ventricle

Answer 22

ventricle of diencephalon

Question 23

midbrain

Answer 23

primitive “reflex” area
- superior/inferior colliculi
- cerebral aqueduct
- cerebral peduncles

Question 24

superior/inferior colliculi

Answer 24

have minor role in
- controlling eye movements (superior => sight reflex)
- movements related to auditory stimuli (inferior => sound reflex)

Question 25

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 25

link 3rd and 4th ventricles CSF

Question 26

cerebral peduncles

Answer 26

thick white matter tracts - corticospinal fibres (cortex -> spine) - corticopontine fibres (cortex -> pons)

Question 27

hindbrain

Answer 27

- cerebellum - pons - medulla - fourth ventricle

Question 28

cerebellum

Answer 28

motor centre which coordinates movements - balance + smoothing movement - IPSILATERAL (same side) - cerebral cortex is contralateral

Question 29

pons

Answer 29

carries - commissural fibres - corticospinal fibres - nuclei of cranial nerves contains both white/grey matter bridge between two halves of cerebellum

Question 30

medulla

Answer 30

carries - projection fibres - corticospinal fibres (pyramids) - cranial nerve nuclei - grey matter controlling breathing and heart (cardio and respiratory centres)

Question 31

brainstem damage

Answer 31

may cause total respiratory/cardiovascular failure as respiratory/cardiovascular centres are in medulla

Question 32

brainstem components

Answer 32

- midbrain - pons - medulla

Question 33

3 gyri that lead up to precentral gyrus in frontal lobe

Answer 33

1) superior frontal gyrus 2) middle frontal gyrus 3) inferior frontal gyrus

Question 34

primary functional areas

Answer 34

occur in both hemispheres and contralateral send/receive info - primary motor - primary somatosensory - primary auditory cortex - primary visual cortex

Question 35

secondary (association) areas

Answer 35

interpret/plan language-related that only occur in dominant hemisphere: - exner's - broca's - wernicke's - SMAGLA

Question 36

exner's area

Answer 36

control hand movements for writing - premotor area of hand

Question 37

broca's speech area

Answer 37

controls larynx and tongue for speech - plans movement of muscles involved in speech - inferior frontal gyrus

Question 38

wernicke's speech area

Answer 38

main processing centre for spoken language - associated with primary auditory cortex where info received by 1º auditory cortex is interpreted/processed by this

Question 39

supramarginal and angular gyri

Answer 39

interprets visual symbols as written words/language

Question 40

speech (broca's)/hearing (wernicke's) - conduct response

Answer 40

1º motor cortex

Question 41

speech (broca's)/hearing (wernicke's) - feedback

Answer 41

1º auditory cortex - hear what you said again

Question 42

reading (supramarginal gyrus)/writing (angular gyrus) - receive input

Answer 42

1º visual cortex

Question 43

reading (supramarginal gyrus)/writing (angular gyrus) - understand

Answer 43

SMAGLA

Question 44

reading (supramarginal gyrus)/writing (angular gyrus) - plan response

Answer 44

exner's

Question 45

reading (supramarginal gyrus)/writing (angular gyrus) - feedback

Answer 45

1º visual cortex

Question 46

striatum

Answer 46

putamen + caudate nucleus

Question 47

globus pallidus

Answer 47

- paler than putamen - internal/external segments

Question 48

putamen

Answer 48

darkly stained

Question 49

substantia nigra

Answer 49

- absent in severe parkinson's disease patients - dopamine producing cells are what naturally stain it dark