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MEDSCI 142 > Lab 1 - Rat Dissection > Flashcards

Lab 1 - Rat Dissection Flashcards

1
Q

rat differences compared to humans

A
  • lack enamel on posterior teeth surfaces => chisel-shape
  • no canines (only incisors/molars)
  • lower jaw in two pieces, hinged in middle
  • no gall bladder
  • Y-shaped uterus
  • internalised penis
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2
Q

pentadactyle

A

5 digits (e.g fingers and toes on fore and hind limbs)

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3
Q

determining sex of a rate

A

number of holes not just scrotum as juvenile male’s scrotum may not have dropped

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4
Q

female rats

A

3 holes (from superior -> inferior):
1) urethra (urine)
2) vagina (offspring)
3) anus (faeces)

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5
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin/flap covering internalised penis of rats

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6
Q

thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm up

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7
Q

abdominal pelvic cavity

A

diaphragm down

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8
Q

types of peritoneum

A

1) visceral peritoneum (in contact with organ)
2) parietal peritoneum (in contact with abdominal wall)

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9
Q

mesentary

A

transparent double layer of peritoneum that suspends intestine
- blood vessels often shrouded with fat fan out through mesentary to supply/drain intestinal wall

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10
Q

four body cavities

A

1) peritoneal cavity (abdominal contents)
2) pericardial cavity (heart)
3/4) two (left/right) pleural cavities (lungs)

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11
Q

three tubular portions of gut

A

1) oesophagus (absorption/secretion everywhere downstream of oesophagus)
2) small intestine
3) large intestine

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12
Q

two sacs of gut

A

1) stomach
2) caecum
- where gut contents temporarily come to rest

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13
Q

oesophagus position relative to trachea

A

oesophagus dorsal to trachea

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14
Q

two large glands of gut

A

liver and pancreas
- both have endocrine and exocrine function
- derived embryologically from gut lining

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15
Q

two sections of stomach

A

1) anterior/lateral portion
- thin/transluscent
- food storage
- no glands
- protective stratified squamous epithelium
- humans don’t have
2) medial/posterior (pyloric region)
- glandular (simple tubular glands)
- opaque
- digestion

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16
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

collar of smooth muscle that controls flow of chyme into duodenum

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17
Q

chyme

A

stomach contents

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18
Q

sections of small intestine

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

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19
Q

arteries to intestinal wall

A

two branches of dorsal aorta
- coeliac a.
- superior mesenteric a.

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20
Q

veins from intestinal wall

A

tributaries of hepatic portal vein that leads to liver

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21
Q

liver

A
  • second largest organ in body
  • largest gland in body
  • four lobes
  • thin connective tissue capsule
  • vulnerable to traumatic injury => severe internal bleeding
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22
Q

bile salts

A

aid in
- digestion
- absorption of fats and vitamins

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23
Q

gall bladder

A

cystic duct from gall bladder joins with common depatic duct to form common bile duct to discharge into duodenum

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24
Q

gall bladder replacement in rats

A

pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct => common duct into duodenum

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25
Q

liver blood supply

A

receives:
- venous blood from gut wall via hepatic portal vein
- oxygentated blood from aorta via hepatic artery (branch of coeliac artery)

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26
Q

four parts of large intestine

A

1) caecum
2) colon
3) rectum
4) anus

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27
Q

caecum

A
  • cellulose breakdown
    humans: terminates in a vermiform (worm-like) appendix which contains lymphoid tissue (human caecum doesn’t have bacteria to break down cellulose)
    rats: no vermiform appendix
28
Q

three(/four) colons

A
  • ascending (anteriorly)
  • transverse
  • descending (posteriorly)
    (- sigmoid colon in humans)
29
Q

colon function

A
  • reabsorption of water
  • formation of faeces
30
Q

anus sphincter

A

partial voluntary control:
2 sphincters
- smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle below it

31
Q

kidney location

A

retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum)
- buried in fat on dorsal wall of abdominal cavity
- ventral surface covered with parietal peritoneum

32
Q

kidney depression (hilus)

A

on medial surface is point where
- renal artery
- renal vein
- ureter

33
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secrete steroid hormones

34
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secrete adrenalin

35
Q

male reproductive glands

A
  • seminal vesicles (brown)
  • prostate gland (white)
36
Q

seminal vesicle appearance

A

elongated, curved and with a hard lumpy texture

37
Q

prostate gland

A

soft, pale-coloured, wrapped around the base of the urinary bladder

38
Q

oviduct

A

connects uterine horn to small dark-coloured ovary at distal end of each horn
- tightly coiled in rats

39
Q

pharynx

A

head:
- air: nasal passages - dorsal
- food: mouth - ventral
neck:
- air: trachea - ventral
- food: oesophagus - dorsal

40
Q

hard palate

A
  • anterior roof of mouth
  • bony partition
  • separates mouth from above nasal cavities
  • transverse ridges
41
Q

food sorting during chewing

A

food sorted according to size by rolling it between the tongue and hard palate

42
Q

soft palate

A
  • posterior roof of mouth
  • lack core of bone
43
Q

molar teeth

A
  • three molar teeth on each side of both jaws
44
Q

glottis

A

opening into trachea

45
Q

epiglottis

A

triangular flap ventral to glottis

46
Q

opening into nasal cavities

A

leads anteriorly, dorsal to the soft plate

47
Q

salivary gland colour

A

similar to surrounding connective tissue and muscle => difficult to identify

48
Q

lower jaw

A

mandible

49
Q

hinge in the middle of mandible

A

temporo-mandibular joint

50
Q

width of bite

A

spacing between incisors can be varied at will

51
Q

tail

A

balancing organ

52
Q

nares

A

nostrils
- close underwater

53
Q

vibrissae

A

tactile organs
- navigate in darkness

54
Q

nipples

A

6 in both males/females

55
Q

serous fluid

A

-watery
- made by cells of serous membrane

56
Q

rat pericardium

A

delicate, transparent bag

57
Q

human pericardium

A

thicker, stronger, more fibrous

58
Q

pancreas

A
  • alkaline digestive juice
  • enzymes: lipases, amylases (break down carbohydrates), proteases
  • small, scattered pink lobules (resemble grain-like deposits of fat but not white) suspended by mesentary
59
Q

appendicitis

A

appendix bursts => bacteria gets around peritoneum

60
Q

adrenal glands

A

small brown bodies

61
Q

food -> trachea

A

violent coughing

62
Q

air -> oesophagus

A

eructation (belching/burping)

63
Q

duodenum receives material from

A

stomach, liver, pancreas

64
Q

serous membrane

A
  • parietal/visceral pericardium
  • epidermis/dermis are NOT
65
Q

oesophagus

A
  • tubular part of gut where most of it lies outside the abdominal cavity
  • main function is transport and little absorption/secretion occurs
  • doesn’t receive secretions from either liver or pancreas

MEDSCI 142 (8 decks)

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