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HPN Bridging Course > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasma, composed of fluid and organelles.

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2
Q

Organ

A

Functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissue.

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3
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

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4
Q

Organism

A

Living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

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5
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function.

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6
Q

Name the six levels of organisation

A

Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules.

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules.

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9
Q

Development

A

Changes an organism goes through during its life.

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10
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which unspecialised cells become specialised in structure and function.

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11
Q

Growth

A

Process of increasing in size.

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all the bodys chemical reactions.

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13
Q

Renewal

A

Process by which worn out cells are replaced.

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14
Q

Reproduction

A

Process by which new organisms are generated.

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15
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions.

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16
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Made up of elements.

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17
Q

Elements

A

Pure substance that cannot be created or broken down.

The body assembles compounds from elements that are gained from food and air.

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond.
If they are the same atoms they are a molecule.
If different atoms they are also a compound.

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19
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest part of an element.

Made up of smaller sub-atomic particles.

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20
Q

Protons

A

Subatomic particles with a positive charge.

Found in the nucleus of an atom.

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21
Q

Electrons

A

Negative Charge subatomic particles.

Found spinning very quickly around the nucleus of a cell.

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22
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge

Found in the nucleus.

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23
Q

Ions

A

Collective term for an atom that has gained or lost an electron and now carries a charge.

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24
Q

Cations

A

Lost an electron.

Positive Charge

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25
Q

Anion

A

Gained an electron

Negative Charge

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26
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Atoms join to form molecules and compounds.

Attraction that links elements

27
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Simple Molecule

Does not contain Carbon

28
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Larger Substances

Contain Carbon

29
Q

Examples of Inorganic Compounds

A

Water

Acids/Bases/Salts

30
Q

Examples of Organic Compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

31
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

aka sugars - saccharides

32
Q

Lipids

A

Made up mostly of hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic
aka fats
Triglycerides most common

33
Q

Proteins

A

Comprised of amino acids
Important components of all cells and tissues
Our body has structural and functional proteins. Shape determines function.

34
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Animal Cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles within a membrane.

35
Q

Cyto

A

Refers to cells

36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All of the material that lies within the cell/plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.

37
Q

Organelles

A

The structure that makes up the cytoplasm.

Like the little organs of the cell.

38
Q

Cytosol

A

Surrounds the Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance
Provide ability for chemical reactions to take place within the cell.

39
Q

What are the 3 organelles contained in the Endomembrane system?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles

40
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A series of membranes within the cell.
Acts as a transport mechanism for the cell.
Plays a role in synthesising proteins and lipids.
Plays a role in storing much of the cellular material.

41
Q

What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER

Smooth ER

42
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis, proteins are then despatched via vesicles.
Found in cells that produce proteins.
Eg, pancrease that makes enzymes, delivered to the small intestine, aids in digestion.

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

Role is lipid metabolism.
Role is detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Found in cells that produce steroid based hormones.

44
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Series of flattened discs that are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packing proteins.
Interacts with vesicles which bring molecules to and from it.

45
Q

Lysosomes

A

Packaged by Golgi Apparatus
Membranous walled organelles
Contains digestive enzymes and substances
Able to ingest and breakdown foreign substances and unneeded materials.

46
Q

Vesicles

A

Fuse with cell membranes

Release contents outside of the cell.

47
Q

Mitochondria

A

Bean shaped
Powerhouse of the cell
Creates energy through chemical reactions
Cellular respiration, uses oxygen to break down glucose to produce energy. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

48
Q

Proxisomes

A

Similar to lysosomes, bound inside the cell and contains enzymes.
Role is lipid metabolism, chemical detoxification, neutralising poisons.

49
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The cells skeleton made of fibrous proteins.

Assists with cell motility, reproduction, acts as a transport system.

50
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell
Contains all of the DNA and genetic material
Where cell replication takes place
Some cells have many
Some have none - blood cells - short life span.

51
Q

Cellular/Plasma Membrane

A

Acts like the skin
Separates the internal from external
Selectively permeable
Able to control what passes through it.

52
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

One component of the membrane.

Consists of two layers of negatively charged hydroliphic phosphate heads and interfacing hydrophobic tails.

53
Q

Cholesterol

A

Fat molecule contained in the membrane.

Helps keep structurally intact and fluidity.

54
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Span the width of the membrane.
Serve as channels to let certain substances in and out of cell.
Serve as receptors, bind specific molecules, in order to cause a change inside the cell.

55
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Found on the inner or outer of the cell membrane

Have very specific function.

56
Q

Carbohydrate Chains

A

Attach to either membrane proteins or membrane lipids to form the glycocalyx.
Serve to help identify cells as belonging to the individuals.

57
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without the need to expend energy.

58
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Passive Transport

Small, non polar molecules can pass directly through the bi-layer down their concentration gradient.

59
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Used for larger, charged, water based molecules.

Use channel proteins to move down gradient.

60
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion that involves water moving down its concentration gradient independent of its solutes.

61
Q

Active Transport

A

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient.

Lowest to highest

62
Q

Active Transport Pumps

A

Use carrier proteins to move ions against concentration gradient.
Pumps are specific and will only carry one or two specific ions or substances.

63
Q

Endocytosis

A

Substances ingested into the cell

64
Q

Exocytosis

A

Substances spilled out of the cell.

HPN Bridging Course (4 decks)

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