Module 2 Flashcards
Cell
Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasma, composed of fluid and organelles.
Organ
Functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissue.
Organ System
A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.
Organism
Living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
Tissue
A group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function.
Name the six levels of organisation
Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism
Anabolism
Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules.
Catabolism
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules.
Development
Changes an organism goes through during its life.
Differentiation
Process by which unspecialised cells become specialised in structure and function.
Growth
Process of increasing in size.
Metabolism
Sum of all the bodys chemical reactions.
Renewal
Process by which worn out cells are replaced.
Reproduction
Process by which new organisms are generated.
Responsiveness
Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions.
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Made up of elements.
Elements
Pure substance that cannot be created or broken down.
The body assembles compounds from elements that are gained from food and air.
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond.
If they are the same atoms they are a molecule.
If different atoms they are also a compound.
Atoms
Smallest part of an element.
Made up of smaller sub-atomic particles.
Protons
Subatomic particles with a positive charge.
Found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons
Negative Charge subatomic particles.
Found spinning very quickly around the nucleus of a cell.
Neutrons
No charge
Found in the nucleus.
Ions
Collective term for an atom that has gained or lost an electron and now carries a charge.
Cations
Lost an electron.
Positive Charge
Anion
Gained an electron
Negative Charge
Chemical Bond
Atoms join to form molecules and compounds.
Attraction that links elements
Inorganic Compounds
Simple Molecule
Does not contain Carbon
Organic Compounds
Larger Substances
Contain Carbon
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
Water
Acids/Bases/Salts
Examples of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
aka sugars - saccharides
Lipids
Made up mostly of hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic
aka fats
Triglycerides most common
Proteins
Comprised of amino acids
Important components of all cells and tissues
Our body has structural and functional proteins. Shape determines function.
Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles within a membrane.
Cyto
Refers to cells
Cytoplasm
All of the material that lies within the cell/plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.
Organelles
The structure that makes up the cytoplasm.
Like the little organs of the cell.
Cytosol
Surrounds the Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance
Provide ability for chemical reactions to take place within the cell.
What are the 3 organelles contained in the Endomembrane system?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A series of membranes within the cell.
Acts as a transport mechanism for the cell.
Plays a role in synthesising proteins and lipids.
Plays a role in storing much of the cellular material.
What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Studded with Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis, proteins are then despatched via vesicles.
Found in cells that produce proteins.
Eg, pancrease that makes enzymes, delivered to the small intestine, aids in digestion.
Smooth ER
Role is lipid metabolism.
Role is detoxification of drugs and pesticides
Found in cells that produce steroid based hormones.
Golgi Apparatus
Series of flattened discs that are responsible for modifying, sorting, and packing proteins.
Interacts with vesicles which bring molecules to and from it.
Lysosomes
Packaged by Golgi Apparatus
Membranous walled organelles
Contains digestive enzymes and substances
Able to ingest and breakdown foreign substances and unneeded materials.
Vesicles
Fuse with cell membranes
Release contents outside of the cell.
Mitochondria
Bean shaped
Powerhouse of the cell
Creates energy through chemical reactions
Cellular respiration, uses oxygen to break down glucose to produce energy. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
Proxisomes
Similar to lysosomes, bound inside the cell and contains enzymes.
Role is lipid metabolism, chemical detoxification, neutralising poisons.
Cytoskeleton
The cells skeleton made of fibrous proteins.
Assists with cell motility, reproduction, acts as a transport system.
Nucleus
Control centre of the cell
Contains all of the DNA and genetic material
Where cell replication takes place
Some cells have many
Some have none - blood cells - short life span.
Cellular/Plasma Membrane
Acts like the skin
Separates the internal from external
Selectively permeable
Able to control what passes through it.
Phospholipid Bilayer
One component of the membrane.
Consists of two layers of negatively charged hydroliphic phosphate heads and interfacing hydrophobic tails.
Cholesterol
Fat molecule contained in the membrane.
Helps keep structurally intact and fluidity.
Integral Proteins
Span the width of the membrane.
Serve as channels to let certain substances in and out of cell.
Serve as receptors, bind specific molecules, in order to cause a change inside the cell.
Peripheral Proteins
Found on the inner or outer of the cell membrane
Have very specific function.
Carbohydrate Chains
Attach to either membrane proteins or membrane lipids to form the glycocalyx.
Serve to help identify cells as belonging to the individuals.
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without the need to expend energy.
Simple Diffusion
Passive Transport
Small, non polar molecules can pass directly through the bi-layer down their concentration gradient.
Facilitated Diffusion
Used for larger, charged, water based molecules.
Use channel proteins to move down gradient.
Osmosis
Diffusion that involves water moving down its concentration gradient independent of its solutes.
Active Transport
Moving molecules against their concentration gradient.
Lowest to highest
Active Transport Pumps
Use carrier proteins to move ions against concentration gradient.
Pumps are specific and will only carry one or two specific ions or substances.
Endocytosis
Substances ingested into the cell
Exocytosis
Substances spilled out of the cell.
