Module 2

Question 1

Components of Cardiovasc Exam

Answer 1

General inspection, take pulse and BP, assess JVP, palpation, ausculation, and check vital signs (ECG)

Question 2

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 2

BMI= kg X m^2; normal is btw 18.5-24.9

Question 3

Marfans

Answer 3

aortic dissection or regurgitation

Question 4

Down Syndrome

Answer 4

Atrial/ventricular septal defect

Question 5

Tuner’s Syndrome

Answer 5

coarctation of aorta (narrowing)

Question 6

Pulsus Paradoxus

Answer 6

large fall in pulse volume on inspiration

Question 7

Bounding Pulse

Answer 7

large volume; caused by anemia, respiratory failure

Question 8

Pulsus Alternans

Answer 8

alternating large and small volume pulses

Question 9

Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)

Answer 9

Identifies right heart failure and pulmonary embolism

Question 10

Large A Wave (JVP abnormality)

Answer 10

caused by tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary hypertension

Question 11

Cannon Wave (JVP abnormality)

Answer 11

caused by atrial fibrillation, complete heart block, VVI pacing, ventricular tachycardia

Question 12

STEEP X,Y, Descent (JVP abnorm)

Answer 12

caused by constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

Question 13

Large V Wave, CV wave (JVP abnorm)

Answer 13

from tricuspid regurgitation

Question 14

Kussmaul’s Sign (JVP abnorm)

Answer 14

increased JVP on inspiration, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

Question 15

Palpation

Answer 15

determines edema; apply hands to exterior surface to detect evidence of disease

Question 16

Heaving

Answer 16

high afterload

Question 17

Thrusting

Answer 17

high preload

Question 18

Ausculation

Answer 18

listening with stethescope to heart sounds

Question 19

First Heart sounds (S1)

Answer 19

located in the Apex, high pitched; is the normal closure of the mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves

Question 20

Second Heart Sound (S2)

Answer 20

located in the base; high pitched; is the normal closure of the aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves; on inspiration have early aortic sound (A2) and delayed pulmonic (P2)

Question 21

Third Heart Sound (S3)

Answer 21

located in apex, low pitched; normal in children and young adults otherwise inidicates heart failure or volume overload (ventricular gallop)

Question 22

Fourth Heart Sound (S4)

Answer 22

located in apex, low pitched; caused by reduced ventricular compliance

Question 23

Ejection Click

Answer 23

irregular heart sound; extra early systolic heart sound (after S1); from pulmonary/aortic stenosis or dilation

Question 24

Opening Snap

Answer 24

irregular heart sound; extra diastolic heart sound after A2’ from the calcification of heart valve opening; from mitral/tricuspid stenosis

Question 25

Mid-Late Systolic Click

Answer 25

irregular heart sound; extra mid-late systolic sound; from AV leaflets bowing into atrium during ventricular systole

Question 26

Summation Gallop

Answer 26

irregular heart sound; mid-systolic merging of S3 and S4, and S1 and S2; many factors involved

Question 27

Pericardial Knock

Answer 27

irregular heart sound; early diastole soon after S2; Abrupt cessation of ventricular filling in early diastole

Question 28

Vesicular Breathing Sound

Answer 28

low pitch; heard over most of lung field; soft and short expiration

Question 29

Bronchial/Tracheal Breathing sound

Answer 29

heard over trachea, high pitched loud and long expiration

Question 30

Bronchovesicular breathing sound

Answer 30

heard over main bronchus area and upper Right lung field medium pitched; expiration is equal to inspiration

Question 31

Consolidation

Answer 31

abnormal breathing sound; normally aerated tissues are filled with fluid, mucus or pus; only brachial sounds are heard

Question 32

Crackles/Rales

Answer 32

abnormal breathing sound; discontinued sounds at end of inspiration; airways pop open late in inspiration due to fluid build up

Question 33

Rhonchi

Answer 33

abnormal breathing sound; on expiration a deep rumble; air passing through obstruction

Question 34

Wheezes

Answer 34

abnormal breathing sound; musical whistling through respiratory cycle; air passing through narrowed passageway

Question 35

Stridor

Answer 35

abnormal breathing sound; crowning sound heard after exhaling; from inflammation and edema of larynx/trachea

Question 36

Pleural Friction Rubs

Answer 36

abnormal breathing sound; from pleurae inflammation, causing membrane to rub

Question 37

Dyspnea

Answer 37

shortness of breath not proportionate to level of exertion

Question 38

Chest discomfort

Answer 38

pain, pressure tightness

Question 39

Angina Pectoris

Answer 39

chest pain

Question 40

Stable Angina

Answer 40

patterned transient angina pectoris with exericise

Question 41

Variant Angina

Answer 41

occurs at rest; from coronary artery spasm

Question 42

Unstable Angina

Answer 42

unpredictable pattern with increased frequency and duration; occurs with decreased exercise

Question 43

Silent Ischemia

Answer 43

episodes of myocardial ischemia absent of symptoms

Question 44

Palpitations

Answer 44

awareness of pulsations, fluttering, rapid heart beating

Question 45

Syncope

Answer 45

transient loss of consciousness from inadequate blood flow to brain (assoc with ANS)

Question 46

Peripheral Edema

Answer 46

large amounts of tissue fluid accumulation; increases JVP

Question 47

Cyanosis

Answer 47

peripheral; blue-colour on toes/fingers due to decrease blood flow central: entire body; abnormal saturation of venous blood

Question 48

Clubbing

Answer 48

thickening of fingers/toes

Question 49

Heart Murmur

Answer 49

vibrations caused by turbulent blood flow; from obstruction, abnormal shunting of blood and increased flow through structures

Question 50

Continous Murmur

Answer 50

start at systole and continue through diastole; venous hum and patent ductus arteriosis