Module 2 Flashcards
What are unicellular organisms?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic organisms that only contain one cell.
What are multicellular organisms?
Organisms made up of many different types of cells.
Define Autotroph and Heterotroph:
Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food (e.g plants)
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food (e.g animals)
What is the difference between vascular and non vascular plants?
Vascular plants have transport systems to move substances around. Non vascular plants do not have transport system. All transport is fine via diffusion and osmosis.
What are colonial organisms?
Organisms composed of individual cells living together in a colony. Some have specialised cells to carry out specific functions.
What is xylem?
Vascular tissue that transports water and mineral ions.
What is phloem?
Vascular tissue that transports sucrose and plant products.
What is the function of leaves?
They are the site of photosynthesis and exchange gases with air.
What is the function of stems?
Structural support and transport.
What is the function of the roots?
Anchor the plant down and absorb nutrients and water.
Name three structures in plants:
1.Leaves
2. Roots
3. Stems
Where is epidermal tissue located, and what does it do?
Located on the upper and lower surfaces of the a leaf. It provide protection, allows sunlight to penetrate and prevents water loss.
What do guard cells do?
Control the opening and closing of stoma for gas exchange.
What cells does the mesophyll tissue contain? Compare these types of cells:
Contains palisade cells and spongy cells.
Palisade cells that contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Spongy cells also contain chloroplasts that are loosely packed to allow
air movement.
Define stoma:
Tiny pores in the leaves that regulate gas exchange and limit water loss.
What are lenticles?
Pores in woody parts of plants (e.g. trunks or branches) that allow for gas exchange.
What’s the molecular formula for glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆
What are alveoli?
Gaseous exchange structures in the lungs of mammals.
What are capillaries?
The smallest blood vessels in the vascular system.
What’s the trachea?
The windpipe, that leads from the mouth to the lungs.
What is the gas exchange system in fish?
the Gills
What are gill filaments?
Part of the gills that provide oxygen to the blood.
What are spiracles and tracheoles?
Pores in insects that branch into tracheoles. Tracheoles are tubes that bring air to and from the insects cells.
What is the transpiration-adhesion-cohesion-tension theory?
The theory that explains the movement of substances through the xylem vessels.
Define transpiration:
The evaporation of water out of the stomata which creates a ‘pull’ that assists the movement of water in the xylem tissue.
Define adhesion:
The attractive forces between the water molecules and the xylem wall.
Define cohesion:
attractive forces between water molecules.
Define tension:
the pulling force due to the loss of water from evaporation.
What is Lignin?
Material lining the inside of xylem vessels providing strength and support.
What are sieve tube cells?
cells in the phloem that allow the transport of food throughout the phloem.
Define translocation:
Movement of materials (by active transport) from one part of the plant to another through the phloem vessels.
What does the source to sink theory explain?
The movement of sugars through phloem.
What’s a source and a sink?
A source is where substances are produced.
A sink is the part of the plant where substances are needed and unloaded.
What is a stem cell?
A single cells that can replicate itself or become many different types of cells.
What are meristematic cells?
[stematic]
Cells that allow plants to constantly replace old organs.
What does nerve tissue consist of? What is it responsible for?
The brain, spinal cord and nerves.
It is responsible for communication between all parts of the body. It also responds to changes in the environment.
What are Neurons?
Cells in the nervous tissue that receive sensory information.
What do neuroglia do?
provide support and nourishment to the neurons.
Name 3 types of connective tissue:
- Bone
- Blood
- Adipose (body fat)
Which tissue consists of tightly packed sheets of cells that line parts of the body.
Epithelial tissue
What is bone marrow the site for?
The site for haematopoiesis, which is the formation of the blood’s cellular components.
What does blood do?
Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and other substance through the blood vessels.
What are three roles of adipose tissue (body fat)
- Provides reserve food fuel
- Insulates against heat loss
- Supports and protects organs
3 types of epithelial tissue:
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelium
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
What does smooth muscle tissue do?
Propels substances or objects along internal passageways (e.g. urine, a baby)
Name 3 types of plant tissues:
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue
Which pant tissue consists of the epidermis?
Dermal tissue
Define isotopes and radioisotopes:
Isotopes are different forms of the same element.
radioisotopes are different forms of the same element that emit radiation.
Name an imaging technology and its use:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Using radio waves and a magnetic field to produce 3D anatomical images.
Used to water transport in the stem.
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
To transport excess tissue fluid back to the cardiovascular system.
What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
To transport nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells while removing waste.
What is Haemoglobin?
A protein found in the red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.
How many chambers does the heart have? Which ones are in the top and bottom.
4 chambers
Top: left and right atrium
Bottom: left and right ventricle
Where does the pulmonary artery take blood?
It take deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Which blood vessels takes blood to the rest of the body?
Aorta
What is the composition of blood?
55% plasma
45% blood cells
Define turgid. What happens to a guard cell when it becomes turgid?
swollen and hard
When guard cells fill with water they become turgid and open the stoma.
List the four common characteristics all gaseous exchange structures have:
large surface area to volume ratio
moist, thin surface
Are in close proximity to an efficient transport system
greater concentration of required gas on one side of the membrane than the
other, so that a concentration gradient is maintained.
What happens to the composition of blood in all organs and tissues except the lungs?
It loses oxygen and gain carbon dioxide.
What happens to the composition of blood in all organs except the small intestine.
It loses nutrients, and gains wastes.
change in the composition of blood as it
moves through the kidneys?
There is a decrease in urea and a decrease in excess water and salts.
change in the composition of blood as it
moves through the liver?
Urea is added to the blood. There is a decrease in toxins, alcohol, vitamins and iron. There is also a decrease in fatty acids, glucose and amino acids.
What were radioisotopes used to determine in plants?
that oxygen produced in photosynthesis came from the water molecule and not the molecule of carbon dioxide.
What did Joseph Priestly discover?
He discovered that plants produce oxygen.
What did Stephen Hales discover?
He discovered that water moves through the plant in one direction which contributed to the understanding of transpiration.
What are villi?
Tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They help to absorb nutrients into the blood.
What is a structural difference between phloem and xylem?
Phloem cells are alive while xylem is made up of dead cells.
What are the two types of mammalian digestion? Define them:
Physical and Chemical
Physical digestion involves the physical breakdown of food particles to prepare them for chemical digestion.
Chemical digestion is the process of using digestive enzymes to chemically break down food into simple substances such as glucose from carbohydrates, amino acids from proteins and glycerol and fatty acids from lipids.
What is haemoglobin?
protein found in the red blood cells that carries oxygen around body.
What is connective tissue?
Tissue that holds, protects and supports the body.
What is the gas exchange structure for: Mammals, Insects and Fish?
Mammals: Lungs
Fish: Gills
Insects: Tracheae
Which animal group has an external gas exchange system?
Fish
What are the advantages and disadvantages of scientific models:
Advantages:
- simplification of complex systems (e.g. DNA)
- The are cheaper and safer than real life experimentation (e.g. pollutants on marine life)
Disadvantages:
- They require simplifications and assumptions (e.g. not all interactions in an ecosystem are represented)
- Inaccurate as assumption are made
How can the radio isotope carbon-14 be used?
It can be added to carbon dioxide to track photosynthesis using an MRI.
