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Biology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes? Which one produces 3D images?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope (produces 3D images)

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2
Q

What are 2 technologies used to study cells?
Which one allows the use of live specimens?

A

Light microscopes
Electron microscopes

Light microscopes allow the use of live specimens.

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3
Q

Define diffusion:

A

The movement of molecules from a region of high to low concentration.

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4
Q

How does a high or low pH affect an enzyme?

A

It causes the enzyme to denature.

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

An organelle in the cell that contains DNA.

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6
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The unfolding or breaking down of a protein. This is caused by changes in temperature or pH.

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7
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Receives proteins and lipids from the ER and sorts, modifies and packages them.

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8
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles while prokaryotic cells don’t.

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9
Q

What does an enzyme act upon?

A

A substrate

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10
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

They turn amino acids into protein through protein synthesis.

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11
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Produces ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

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12
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

Less resolution and magnification

Specimens often need to be stained to be viewed.

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13
Q

What is passive and active transport?

A

Passive transport doesn’t require energy and moves with the concentration gradient.

Active transport requires energy and moves against the concentration gradient.

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14
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions.

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15
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

The are responsible for digestion and waste removal for the cell.

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16
Q

What is the cell membranes?

A

It separates the inside of the cell from the outside and controls what goes in and out of the cell.

17
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

A

Head is hydrophilic
Tail is hydrophobic

18
Q

What organelle carries out photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

19
Q

Describe at least 2 disadvantages of electron microscopes.

A
  • The specimen must be dead because it is placed in a vacuum before viewing (air would interfere with the electron flow)
  • Only black and white images
  • There is a complicated preparation process which may introduce artefacts into the image.
  • Size and expense
20
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

They allow direct passage through the cell membrane.

21
Q

Define osmosis:

A

The movement of water from high to low concentration through a selectively permeable memerane.

22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

When proteins in the cell membrane help transport larger molecules across the membrane.

23
Q

What is the biological level of organisaion?

A

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

24
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Bind to molecules and change shape to transport the molecule through the cell membrane.

25
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance being dissolved.

26
Q

What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins.

A

Integral proteins go all the way through the membrane while peripheral proteins are only partly embedded in the membrane.

27
Q

What is an active site?

A

Where the substrate binds to the enzyme.

28
Q

What makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

29
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The ER is a network of membranes that transport materials such as protein and lipids within the cell.

30
Q

What does a vacuole do?

A

Stores food and waste

31
Q

What are 2 advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • Higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy.

More detailed images of structures that are complex.

32
Q

What does a rough ER have attached to it?

A

Ribosomes

Biology (7 decks)

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