module 2 Flashcards
are the local hormones produced in tissues rather than in glands
AUTACOIDS
These are locally acting hormone like substance, which originates from different tissue and produce intense biological activities near their site of synthesis or release.
AUTACOIDS
Classification of Autacoids
AMINE AUTACOIDS
PEPTIDE AUTACOIDS
EICOSANOIDS
Examples of Biogenic Amines
HISTAMINES
SEROTONIN
Substances produced by our body
HORMONE
Hormone na pinapadala ni Hypothalamus sa Brain
Growth Hormone
It is a biogenic substance with one or more amine groups.
A BIOGENIC AMINE
They are basic nitrogenous compounds formed mainly by decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones.
BIOGENIC AMINE
Function of Biogenic Amines
REGULATE BRAIN FUNCTIONS SUCH AS MOVEMENT, BEHAVIOR, EMOTIONS, TEMPERATURE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND ENDOCRINE SECRETION
Five Established Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters
- 3 CATECHOLAMINES (DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE/NORADRENALINE, EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE)
- HISTAMINE
- SEROTONIN
It is the common causes of problems in our body.
HISTAMINES
Too much histamine is harmful.
They are chemicals produced by the immune system which act like bouncers at a club.
HISTAMINES
It is a life threatening allergic reaction. It occurs pag di nalabas ang allergy.
ANAPHYLAXIS
4 types of histamine receptors
H1,H2,H3,H4
It drives cellular migration, nociception, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction.
- Mast Cell (Skin, Lungs, Bronchi)
- Effect: Allergic Reaction
H1 RECEPTOR
It is difficulty in breathing, bronchoconstriction in bronchi by H1
DYSPNEA
It modifies gastric secretion, airway mucus production, and vascular permeability.
- GIT (stomach, small intestines)
- Effects: Helps Digestion, Secretes more acid (Hyperacidity)
H2 RECEPTOR
It plays an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
- Brain (few)
- Effect: Brain Inflammation
H3-RECEPTOR
Blood (WBC), Basophil, Eosinophils
- Tahimik lang, Wag I-provoke
H4 RECEPTOR
It is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
SEROTONIN OR
5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE
It plays several roles in your body such as influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger.
SEROTONIN
Lack of Enough Serotonin can play a role in:
DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, MANIA AND ETC
In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in neurons originating in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin- producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain.
It is the part of the brain where serotonin is produced.
BRAINSTEM
These are located on post-synaptic enteric and sensory neurons, on enteric neuronal membranes, in the vagus, on gastric endocrine glands and in the CNS.
5-HT3 RECEPTORS
In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in neurons originating in the______ located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin- producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain.
raphe nuclei
Where is most serotonin found?
INTESTINES
How much serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract?
ABOUT 90%
10% SEROTONIN IS PRODUCED BY THE BRAIN
What produces high serotonin?
Getting more exposure to outdoor sunlight and by doing plenty of exercise.
What happens when serotonin receptors are stimulated?
Serotonin receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, and thermoregulation.
What causes lack of serotonin?
AGE-RELATED HEALTH AND BRAIN CHANGES
Symptoms of low serotonin levels
MEMORY PROBLEMS
FEELING LOW
CRAVING SWEET FOOD
HAVING PROBLEM SLEEPING
FEELING BAD ABOUT YOURSELF
INCREASED LIBIDO
H2 BLOCKERS
CIMETIDINE
FAMOTIDINE
NIZATIDINE
RANITIDINE
H3 BLOCKERS
CLOBENPROPIT
CIPROXIFAN
CONESSINE
BETAHISTINE
PITOLISANT
ABT-239
A-349
821
THIOPERAMIDE
It is the treatment for psychiatric disorder or cognitive disorder.
THIOPERAMIDE
H4 BLOCKERS
VUF-6002
It is orally active and inhibits the activity of both mast cell and eosinophils in vivo, and has anti inflammatory and anti hyper allergic effects.
VUF-6002
The most widely used class of antidepressant drugs is commonly referred to as
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
What does blocking serotonin receptors do?
These medicines are used after surgery and in patients undergoing cancer treatment to prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking
serotonin from entering certain cells in the nervous system and brain.
It is a mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients. It causes a decrease in systematic vascular resistance and an increase in blood flow, resulting in a reduction of blood pressure.
VASODILATION
It is a chemical that the body produces naturally. It is needed for the nerve cells and brain to function.
HIGH SEROTONIN
These are involved in the synthesis of serotonin and other neurotransmitters.
FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12
It has been found in many patients who have depression or decreased attention, concentration, and memory.
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death
It helps in wound healing by causing blood clot
SEROTONIN
H1 BLOCKERS 1st GENERATION MARKED POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING SEDATION
- BROMPHENIRAMINE
- CHLORPHENIRAMINE
- CLEMASTINE
- CYPROHEPTADINE
- DIPHENYHYDRAMINE
- DOXYLAMINE
- HYDROXYZINE
- PROMETAZINE
H1 BLOCKERS 1st GENERATION USED TO TREAT MOTION SICKNESS
CYCLIZINE
DIPHENYHYDRAMINE
DIMENHYDRINATE
HYDROXIZINE
MECLIZINE
PROMETHAZINE
H1 BLOCKER 2ND GENERATION WEAK POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING SEDATION
ACRIVASTINE
CETIRIZINE
LEVOCETIRIZINE
H1 BLOCKER 2nd GENERATION NON SEDATING
DESLORATADINE
FEXOFENADINE
LORATADINE
Examples of Polypeptides
- ANGIOSTENIN
- KININS-BRADYKININ & KALLIKIDIN
- VASOPRESSIN
- VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE
- SUBSTANCE P
- SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS
Examples of Eicosanoids
LEUKOTRIENES
THROMBOXANES
PROSTAGLANDINS
PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTORS
Too much serotonin causes:
Mild (Shivering and Diarrhea)
Severe (Muscle Rigidity, Fever, Seizures)
High serotonin can cause:
Bone Problems
It produces melatonin
Serotonin
Dopamine
Hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycle
MELATONIN
Low Serotonin can cause:
Depression
Anxiety
a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles
NARCOLEPSY
Precursor of Histamine
Histidine
It is where autacoids are located
Mast Cells
It increases heart rate
Potassium
It is a source of energy
Glucose
