module 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • the study of drug action.
  • It involves looking at the interaction of chemical substances with the systems in our bodies, as well as identifying ways in which our
    biological systems affect drugs.
  • the INTERACTION of drugs and
    living organisms.
A

PHARMACOLOGY

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2
Q

means Drugs /medicine

A

PHARMAKON

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3
Q

means to study

A

LOGOS (LOGY)

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4
Q

a chemical substance, [other than food and water] derived from either natural, synthetic, microbial, and other source, presented in different dosage forms used in prevention, diagnosis, relief or alleviate, as supplement [to enhance physical or mental well-being] and treatment or cure of diseases.

A

DRUG (MEDICINE)

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5
Q

drug treatment of parasitic or neoplastic disease in which the drug has a selective effect on the invading cells or organisms.

A

CHEMOTHERAPY

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6
Q

every drug is given a __ which is a precise description of its chemical constituents and indicates the arrangement and position of atoms or atomic groups.
- These are long and too cumbersome to remember.

A

CHEMICAL NAME

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7
Q

drugs are also known by generic, non- proprietary. This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopeias.

A

GENERIC NAME

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8
Q

It is also the name that is authoritatively accepted by a scientific body.
- easier to read and pronounce than the drug’s chemical name.

A

GENERIC NAME

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9
Q
  • (also known as proprietary or trade name) is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer. A drug may have several brand names, depending on the number of manufacturers.
  • Unlike chemical and generic names,
    these are easy to remember, short, catchy and most often suggestive of the drug component.
A

BRAND NAME

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10
Q

name listed in official books or Pharmacopoeia
- It is the same as the generic name.

A

OFFICIAL NAME

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11
Q

The books containing the standards of drugs and related substances are known as

A

PHARMACOPOEIAS

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12
Q

collectively these books are known as

A

DRUG COMPENDIA

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13
Q

The word pharmacopoeia is derived from two Greek words: __

A

PHARMAKON AND POIEO

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14
Q

USP and NF meaning

A

UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA
NATIONAL FORMULARY

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15
Q

drug classification: grouping
according to chemical structure.

A

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

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16
Q

drug classification: grouping according to therapeutic indication.

A

THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION

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17
Q

Drug that relieves pain.

A

ANALGESIC

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18
Q

A drug that causes loss of sensation.

A

ANESTHETIC

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19
Q

drug used in controlling or preventing allergic symptoms.

A

ANTI ALLERGY

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20
Q

drug that helps
prevent the symptoms of asthma.

A

ANTI-ASTHMA

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21
Q

drugs that reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms.

A

ANTIHISTAMINES

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22
Q

a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

A

ANTIBIOTIC

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23
Q

a drug used to prevent or reduce or lower an elevated body temperature or fever.

A

ANTIPYRETIC

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24
Q

are medicines that suppress coughing, also known as cough suppressants.

A

ANTITUSSIVE

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25
drug to dissolve mucus or phlegm.
MUCOLYTIC
26
a drug that helps loosen mucus so you can cough it up. - It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, and making your cough more productive.
EXPECTORANT
27
drug classification: grouping according to mechanism of action.
PHARMACOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
28
drugs not approved for medical use. High potential for abuse. Examples: hallucinogens, heroin, marijuana
CI OR CSI
29
drugs having medicinal use. High potential for abuse. Examples: Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics, Sedatives
CII OR CSII
30
drugs less potential for abuse than CII; Potential for dependence. Examples: Male sex hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
CIII OR CSIII
31
drugs less potential for abuse than CIII; Limited potential for Dependence.
CIV OR CSIV
32
drugs containing small amount of controlled substances; limited potential for abuse. Examples: Antitussives like DM; Antidiarrheal like loperamide.
CV OR CSV
33
FDA pregnancy category: controlled studies show no risk: adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus
CATEGORY A
34
FDA pregnancy category: no evidence of risk in humans: either animal findings show risk, but human findings do not; or, if no adequate human studies have been done, animal findings are negative
CATEGORY B
35
FDA pregnancy category: risk cannot be ruled out: human studies are lacking, and animal studies are either positive for fetal risk or lacking as well. however, potential benefits may justify potential risk
CATEGORY C
36
FDA pregnancy category: positive evidence of risk: Investigational or postmarketing data show risk to the fetus. Nevertheless, potential benefits may outweigh risks.
CATEGORY D
37
FDA Pregnancy category: Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans, or investigational or postmarketing reports, have shown fetal risk that clearly outweighs any possible benefit to the patient.
CATEGORY X
38
Pure drugs must contain only one chemical agent; but this is rarely attainable, because there shall always be additives or called excipients.
PURITY
39
is the drug’s strength which depends on the concentration of active drug or ingredient.
POTENCY
40
the measure of the rate and extent of drug transfer from site of administration to systemic circulation.
BIOAVAILABILITY
41
Drugs safety is measured by the incidence and severity of adverse reactions. Note: Complete safety of drug cannot be determined regardless of testing before release of a drug.
SAFETY
42
all chemicals or drugs are toxic to certain degree.
TOXICITY
43
study of sources or origin of drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
44
natural sources of drugs
PLANT SOURCES ANIMAL SOURCES MICROBIAL SOURCES MARINE SOURCES MINERAL SOURCES
45
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction.
PLANT SOURCES
46
the product is used without further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap, the substance
CRUDE DRUG
47
Many important drugs are derived from these sources. In most instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands. Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of drugs obtained from animal sources.
ANIMAL SOURCES
48
Several life- saving drugs have been historically derived from microorganisms.
MICROBIAL SOURCES
49
Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment, or cure of many diseases. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity.
MARINE SOURCES
50
Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral- based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
MINERAL SOURCES
51
produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound.
SYNTHETIC-MANMADE
52
neither completely natural nor completely synthetic. They are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically modifying substances that are available from natural sources to improve its potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC SOURCES
53
the nucleus of a drug obtained from a natural source is kept intact but the chemical structure is altered.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC DRUGS
54
This is relatively a new field which is being developed by mixing discoveries from molecular biology biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology.
BIOSYNTHETIC SOURCES
55
It deals with the amount of drug to be administered to the patient.
POSOLOGY
56
Amount of medication required to produce the desired outcome Effect-Therapeutic effect.
THERAPEUTIC DOSE
57
amount of drug more than the therapeutic dose. Effect-toxic effect
TOXIC DOSE
58
dose of drug that produce deadly effect. Effect instant death.
LETHAL DOSE
59
used to cause muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest
PANCURONIUM BROMIDE (PAVULON)
60
drug used to stop the heart
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
61
drug used for sedation
MIDAZOLAM
62
this formula utilized both Height and Weight [Body Surface Area or BSA] of the patient.
NOMOGRAM
63
refers to a counterfeit product as a medicine with correct ingredients in wrong amounts, wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, or with sufficient quantity of active ingredient that results in the reduction of the drug's safety, efficacy, quality,
RA 8203 - SPECIAL LAW ON COUNTERFEIT DRUGS
64
This regulation aims to promote the establishment and institutionalization of drug-free workplace policies in all government agencies and ensure that all public officers, both elective and appointive, remain drug-free through the conduct of authorized drug testing
RA 9165 - COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
65
An Act to ensure the safety and purity of food, drugs and cosmetics being made available to the public by creating the Food and Drug Administration which shall administer and enforce the laws pertaining thereto.
RA 9502 - An Act Providing for Cheaper and Quality Medicines
66
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SETTING STANDARDS OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 5921 - PHARMACY LAW
67
An Act Regulating and Modernizing the Practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”.
RA 10918
68
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
RA 3720
69
(Consumer Act of the Philippines of 1991) as the legal basis for consumer protection in the country. The law embodies the state policy on the protection of consumers and establishes standards of conduct for business and industry in the country.
RA 7394
70
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 10586
71
Generics Act of 1988
Republic Act 6675
72
Dangerous Drug Act of 1992, As Amended, providing funds therefore, and for other purposes
Republic Act 6425
73
For infants up to 2 years Age in Months/150 x adult dose
Fried’s Rule
74
Age in years/Age in years + 12 x adult dose
Young’s Rule
75
Age of child at next birthday/24 x adult dose
Cowling’s Rule
76
Weight in pounds (lbs) / 150 x adult dose
Clark’s Rule
77
It is the route that has 100% bioavailability and is used during emergency cases
Intravenous
78
It is the TIME by which the drug exerts its MINIMUM effect
Onset of Action
79
It is the time by which the drug exerts its MAXIMUM effect
Peak of Action
80
It refers to the LENGTH of time that the drug REMAINS in the body
Duration of Action
81
It is an expected reaction of the body to the drug
Side effects
82
It is unexpected and is worse than side effects
Adverse Effect
83
It is the receptor or the location that the drug has to reach
Site of Action
84
drug na dumating sa receptor; activates
Agonists
85
the blockers; prevents the production of adverse effects
Antagonists
86
Examples of CSII Drugs
Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotics, Analgesics, Sedatives
87
Examples of CSI Drugs
Hallucinogens, Heroin, Marijuana
88
Examples of CSIII Drugs
Male Sex Hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
89
Examples of CSV Drugs
Antitussives like DM Antidiarrheal like Loperamide
90
dispensing and compounding
Pharmacy
91
It deals with proper application through proper routes of administration.
Pharmacotherapeutics
92
early plant sources of drugs
leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.)
93
Examples of drugs obtained from animal sources
Insulin heparin adrenaline thyroxin enzymes beeswax cod liver oil musk antitoxins sera
94
IS THE RELEASE OF DRUG FROM ITS DOSAGE FORM.
LIBERATION
95
THE TRANSFER OF DRUG ACROSS THE BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES TO THE TARGETTISSUE. BIOLOGIC MEMBRANE MAYBE THE SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE EYES OR EAR, VAGINA OR RECTUM.
ABSORPTION
96
THE PROCESS BY WHICH DRUGS ARE TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD OR OTHER FLUIDS TO THE SITE OF ACTION.
DISTRIBUTION
97
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS ENZYMATICALLY CONVERTED OR CONJUGATED FROM ITS ORIGINAL FORM TO A SIMPLER COMPOUND.
METABOLISM [OR BIOTRANSFORMATION]
98
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY.
EXCRETION OR ELIMINATION
99
The molecular cell where the drugs exerts its action and effect.
SITE OF ACTION
100
When two [2] or more drugs are given together and their effect is EQUAL to their respective effects when given together.
ADDITIVE 1+1=2
101
when the action of one drug is INCREASED by the presence of a second drug.
POTENTIATION 0+1=2
102
When the action of one drug REDUCES or BLOCKS the effect of a second drug.
ANTAGONISM 1+1=0
103
relating to the interaction or cooperation of two or more substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
SYNERGYSM 1+1=3
104
It refers to DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION - WHAT THE DRUG DOES TO THE BODY.
PHARMACODYNAMIC