module 1 Flashcards
- the study of drug action.
- It involves looking at the interaction of chemical substances with the systems in our bodies, as well as identifying ways in which our
biological systems affect drugs. - the INTERACTION of drugs and
living organisms.
PHARMACOLOGY
means Drugs /medicine
PHARMAKON
means to study
LOGOS (LOGY)
a chemical substance, [other than food and water] derived from either natural, synthetic, microbial, and other source, presented in different dosage forms used in prevention, diagnosis, relief or alleviate, as supplement [to enhance physical or mental well-being] and treatment or cure of diseases.
DRUG (MEDICINE)
drug treatment of parasitic or neoplastic disease in which the drug has a selective effect on the invading cells or organisms.
CHEMOTHERAPY
every drug is given a __ which is a precise description of its chemical constituents and indicates the arrangement and position of atoms or atomic groups.
- These are long and too cumbersome to remember.
CHEMICAL NAME
drugs are also known by generic, non- proprietary. This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopeias.
GENERIC NAME
It is also the name that is authoritatively accepted by a scientific body.
- easier to read and pronounce than the drug’s chemical name.
GENERIC NAME
- (also known as proprietary or trade name) is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer. A drug may have several brand names, depending on the number of manufacturers.
- Unlike chemical and generic names,
these are easy to remember, short, catchy and most often suggestive of the drug component.
BRAND NAME
name listed in official books or Pharmacopoeia
- It is the same as the generic name.
OFFICIAL NAME
The books containing the standards of drugs and related substances are known as
PHARMACOPOEIAS
collectively these books are known as
DRUG COMPENDIA
The word pharmacopoeia is derived from two Greek words: __
PHARMAKON AND POIEO
USP and NF meaning
UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA
NATIONAL FORMULARY
drug classification: grouping
according to chemical structure.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
drug classification: grouping according to therapeutic indication.
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
Drug that relieves pain.
ANALGESIC
A drug that causes loss of sensation.
ANESTHETIC
drug used in controlling or preventing allergic symptoms.
ANTI ALLERGY
drug that helps
prevent the symptoms of asthma.
ANTI-ASTHMA
drugs that reduce or block histamines, so they stop allergy symptoms.
ANTIHISTAMINES
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
ANTIBIOTIC
a drug used to prevent or reduce or lower an elevated body temperature or fever.
ANTIPYRETIC
are medicines that suppress coughing, also known as cough suppressants.
ANTITUSSIVE
drug to dissolve mucus or phlegm.
MUCOLYTIC
a drug that helps loosen mucus so you can cough it up.
- It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, and making your cough more productive.
EXPECTORANT
drug classification: grouping according to mechanism of action.
PHARMACOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
drugs not approved for medical use. High potential for abuse.
Examples: hallucinogens, heroin, marijuana
CI OR CSI
drugs having medicinal use. High potential for abuse.
Examples: Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotic Analgesics, Sedatives
CII OR CSII
drugs less potential for abuse than CII; Potential for dependence.
Examples: Male sex hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
CIII OR CSIII
drugs less potential for abuse than CIII; Limited potential for Dependence.
CIV OR CSIV
drugs containing small amount of controlled substances; limited
potential for abuse.
Examples: Antitussives like DM; Antidiarrheal like loperamide.
CV OR CSV
FDA pregnancy category: controlled studies show no risk: adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate risk to the fetus
CATEGORY A
FDA pregnancy category: no evidence of risk in humans: either animal findings show risk, but human findings do not; or, if no adequate human studies have been done, animal findings are negative
CATEGORY B
FDA pregnancy category: risk cannot be ruled out: human studies are lacking, and animal studies are either positive for fetal risk or lacking as well. however, potential benefits may justify potential risk
CATEGORY C
FDA pregnancy category: positive evidence of risk: Investigational or postmarketing data show risk to the fetus. Nevertheless, potential benefits may outweigh risks.
CATEGORY D
FDA Pregnancy category: Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans, or investigational or postmarketing reports, have shown fetal risk that clearly outweighs any possible benefit to the patient.
CATEGORY X
Pure drugs must contain only one chemical agent; but this is rarely attainable, because there shall always be additives or called excipients.
PURITY
is the drug’s strength which depends on the concentration of active drug or ingredient.
POTENCY
the measure of the rate and extent of drug transfer from site of administration to systemic circulation.
BIOAVAILABILITY
Drugs safety is measured by the incidence and severity of adverse reactions.
Note: Complete safety of drug cannot be determined regardless of testing before release of a drug.
SAFETY
all chemicals or drugs are
toxic to certain degree.
TOXICITY
study of sources or origin of drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
natural sources of drugs
PLANT SOURCES
ANIMAL SOURCES
MICROBIAL SOURCES
MARINE SOURCES
MINERAL SOURCES
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for centuries as drugs or drug sources. Although the earliest plant source for drugs was the leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.) were also later exploited for drug extraction.
PLANT SOURCES
the product is used without further processing e.g., ground leaves or bark, boiled concoctions or powdered sap, the substance
CRUDE DRUG
Many important drugs are derived from these sources. In most instances, these medicinal substances are derived from the animal’s body secretions, fluid or glands. Insulin, heparin, adrenaline, thyroxin, cod liver oil, musk, beeswax, enzymes, and antitoxins sera are some examples of drugs obtained from animal sources.
ANIMAL SOURCES
Several life- saving drugs have been historically derived from microorganisms.
MICROBIAL SOURCES
Bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna have extensive past and present use in the prevention, treatment, or cure of many diseases. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms produce biologically potent chemicals with interesting anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer activity.
MARINE SOURCES
Minerals (both metallic and non-metallic minerals) have been used as drugs since ancient times. Our body requires trace elements of minerals in order to maintain homeostasis. Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral- based drugs to raise the level of minerals.
MINERAL SOURCES
produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound.
SYNTHETIC-MANMADE
neither
completely natural nor completely synthetic. They are a hybrid and are generally made by chemically modifying substances that are available from natural sources to improve its potency, efficacy and/or reduce side effects.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC SOURCES
the nucleus of a drug obtained from a natural source is kept intact but the chemical structure is altered.
SEMI-SYNTHETIC DRUGS
This is relatively a new field which is being developed by mixing discoveries from molecular biology biology, recombinant DNA technology, DNA alteration, gene splicing, immunology, and immune pharmacology.
BIOSYNTHETIC SOURCES
It deals with the amount of drug to be administered to the patient.
POSOLOGY
Amount of medication required to produce the desired outcome
Effect-Therapeutic effect.
THERAPEUTIC DOSE
amount of drug more than the therapeutic dose.
Effect-toxic effect
TOXIC DOSE
dose of drug that produce deadly effect.
Effect instant death.
LETHAL DOSE
used to cause muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest
PANCURONIUM BROMIDE (PAVULON)
drug used to stop the heart
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
drug used for sedation
MIDAZOLAM
this formula utilized both Height and Weight [Body Surface Area or BSA] of the patient.
NOMOGRAM
refers to a counterfeit product as a medicine with correct ingredients in wrong amounts, wrong ingredients, without active ingredients, or with sufficient quantity of active ingredient that results in the reduction of the drug’s safety, efficacy, quality,
RA 8203 - SPECIAL LAW ON COUNTERFEIT DRUGS
This regulation aims to promote the establishment and institutionalization of drug-free workplace policies in all government agencies and ensure that all public officers, both elective and appointive, remain drug-free through the conduct of authorized drug testing
RA 9165 - COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
An Act to ensure the safety and purity of food, drugs and cosmetics being made available to the public by creating the Food and Drug Administration which shall administer and enforce the laws pertaining thereto.
RA 9502 - An Act Providing for Cheaper and Quality Medicines
AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY AND SETTING STANDARDS OF
PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 5921 - PHARMACY LAW
An Act Regulating and Modernizing the Practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines, repealing for the Purpose RA No. 5921, otherwise known as the “Pharmacy Law”.
RA 10918
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
RA 3720
(Consumer Act of the Philippines of 1991) as the legal basis for consumer protection in the country. The law embodies the state policy on the protection of consumers and establishes standards of conduct for business and industry in the country.
RA 7394
AN ACT PENALIZING PERSONS DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL, DANGEROUS DRUGS, AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
RA 10586
Generics Act of 1988
Republic Act 6675
Dangerous Drug Act of 1992, As Amended, providing funds therefore, and for other purposes
Republic Act 6425
For infants up to 2 years
Age in Months/150 x adult dose
Fried’s Rule
Age in years/Age in years + 12 x adult dose
Young’s Rule
Age of child at next birthday/24 x adult dose
Cowling’s Rule
Weight in pounds (lbs) / 150 x adult dose
Clark’s Rule
It is the route that has 100% bioavailability and is used during emergency cases
Intravenous
It is the TIME by which the drug exerts its MINIMUM effect
Onset of Action
It is the time by which the drug exerts its MAXIMUM effect
Peak of Action
It refers to the LENGTH of time that the drug REMAINS in the body
Duration of Action
It is an expected reaction of the body to the drug
Side effects
It is unexpected and is worse than side effects
Adverse Effect
It is the receptor or the location that the drug has to reach
Site of Action
drug na dumating sa receptor; activates
Agonists
the blockers; prevents the production of adverse effects
Antagonists
Examples of CSII Drugs
Barbiturates, CNS Stimulants, Hypnotics, Narcotics, Analgesics, Sedatives
Examples of CSI Drugs
Hallucinogens, Heroin, Marijuana
Examples of CSIII Drugs
Male Sex Hormones, Other CNS Stimulants
Examples of CSV Drugs
Antitussives like DM
Antidiarrheal like Loperamide
dispensing and compounding
Pharmacy
It deals with proper application through proper routes of administration.
Pharmacotherapeutics
early plant sources of drugs
leaf, other parts of plants (e.g., barks, fruits, roots, stem, wood, seeds, blossoms, bulb etc.)
Examples of drugs obtained from animal sources
Insulin
heparin
adrenaline
thyroxin
enzymes
beeswax
cod liver oil
musk
antitoxins sera
IS THE RELEASE OF DRUG FROM ITS DOSAGE FORM.
LIBERATION
THE TRANSFER OF DRUG ACROSS THE BIOLOGIC MEMBRANES TO THE TARGETTISSUE. BIOLOGIC MEMBRANE MAYBE THE SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE EYES OR EAR, VAGINA OR RECTUM.
ABSORPTION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH DRUGS ARE TRANSPORTED BY BLOOD OR OTHER FLUIDS TO THE SITE OF ACTION.
DISTRIBUTION
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS ENZYMATICALLY CONVERTED OR CONJUGATED FROM ITS ORIGINAL FORM TO A SIMPLER COMPOUND.
METABOLISM [OR BIOTRANSFORMATION]
THE PROCESS BY WHICH A DRUG IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY.
EXCRETION OR ELIMINATION
The molecular cell where the drugs exerts its action and effect.
SITE OF ACTION
When two [2] or more drugs are given together and their effect is EQUAL to their respective effects when given together.
ADDITIVE 1+1=2
when the action of one drug is INCREASED by the presence of a second drug.
POTENTIATION 0+1=2
When the action of one drug REDUCES or BLOCKS the effect of a second drug.
ANTAGONISM 1+1=0
relating to the interaction or cooperation of two or more substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
SYNERGYSM 1+1=3
It refers to DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTION
- WHAT THE DRUG DOES TO THE BODY.
PHARMACODYNAMIC
