Module 2 Flashcards
What makes up a selectively permeable barrier?
proteins and phospholipids
What does the transport protein do?
span the width of the plasma membrane and provide pathways by which specific materials can enter or leave
What does the passive transport do?
spontaneous movement of a substance and can take place without an input of energy
What does active transport do?
movement of a substance in response to an input of energy
What is Diffusion?
the passive transport of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
What is equilibrium?
reached when concentration gradients disappear and therefore diffusion ceases
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water molecules (lower to a higher area)
Hypotonic solution:
lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, which causes water to flow into the cell and make it swell
Hypertonic solution:
higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, which causes water to flow out of the cell and make it shrink
Isotonic solution:
equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell
Facilitated diffusion:
passive transmembrane movement of substance with the assistance of membrane transport proteins (Channel proteins and Carrier proteins)
What is a Channel protein?
carry out facilitated diffusion
What is a Carrier Protein?
transport specific molecules across the plasma membrane based on the shape of the molecule and are of two (active and passive)
What is a passive carrier protein?
assist in the diffusion of molecules and ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is an active carrier protein?
use ATP to pump ions or molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient
Exocytosis:
substances to be exported from a cell are packaged into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and expel that contents into their surrounding
Endocytosis:
brings substance into the cell by wrapping them in a section of the plasma membrane that eventually breaks free inside the cell
Pinocytosis:
nonspecific type of endocytosis that brings in all the material in an immediate area
Phagocytosis:
used to ingest large particles, such as a bacteria or viruses; white blood cells use phagocytosis to engulf and destroy foreign substances
Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
uses specialized receptor proteins to determine which substances are incorporated into the vesicle created by the plasma membrane
What is tight junctions?
formed by belts of proteins that create leakproof sheets of cells, which can be found in the skin and lining of the body cavities
What is gap junctions?
direct cytoplasmic connections between two cells formed by protein lined tunnels that span the intercellular space between adjacent cells
What is anchoring junctions?
patches of proteins that extend through the plasma membrane and link cells that typically undergo heavy structural stress
Potential energy:
energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position
Kinetic energy:
energy a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion
Chemical energy:
the potential energy stored in atoms because of their bonding and position in relation to other atoms
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics
The natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized over time
Second Law of Thermodynamics
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy — C6H12Oc + 6O2
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Cellular Respiration
Catabolism:
linked chain of energy producing reactions that release chemical energy in the process of breaking down complex biomolecules
Anabolism:
linked chain of energy requiring reactions that create complex biomolecules from smaller organic compounds
What is Oxidation?
loss of a molecule, atom, or ion
What is Reduction?
gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion
Primary structure:
polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence)
Secondary structure:
helix and pleated sheet (three polypeptide strands)
Tertiary structure:
helix and pleated sheets fold into a #D shape
Quaternary structure:
relationship of several folded polypeptide chains, forming a protein
NADPH:
delivers energy by providing electrons and hydrogen ions to anabolic pathways (photosynthesis)
NADH:
picks up electrons and hydrogen ions that have been released from catabolic pathways (respiration)
Glycolysis:
enzyme catalyzed reactions break sugar molecules into smaller molecules generating ATP
Krebs cycle:
molecules produced by glycolysis are broken to release carbon dioxide generating energy carriers
Photons:
massless particles that carry a fixed amount of energy and exhibit wavelike characteristics
During the light reactions…
NADPH is produced
What does photosystem 1 produce
NADPH
