Module 2

Question 1

What makes up a selectively permeable barrier?

Answer 1

proteins and phospholipids

Question 2

What does the transport protein do?

Answer 2

span the width of the plasma membrane and provide pathways by which specific materials can enter or leave

Question 3

What does the passive transport do?

Answer 3

spontaneous movement of a substance and can take place without an input of energy

Question 4

What does active transport do?

Answer 4

movement of a substance in response to an input of energy

Question 5

What is Diffusion?

Answer 5

the passive transport of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 6

What is equilibrium?

Answer 6

reached when concentration gradients disappear and therefore diffusion ceases

Question 7

What is osmosis?

Answer 7

the diffusion of water molecules (lower to a higher area)

Question 8

Hypotonic solution:

Answer 8

lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, which causes water to flow into the cell and make it swell

Question 9

Hypertonic solution:

Answer 9

higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell, which causes water to flow out of the cell and make it shrink

Question 10

Isotonic solution:

Answer 10

equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell

Question 11

Facilitated diffusion:

Answer 11

passive transmembrane movement of substance with the assistance of membrane transport proteins (Channel proteins and Carrier proteins)

Question 12

What is a Channel protein?

Answer 12

carry out facilitated diffusion

Question 13

What is a Carrier Protein?

Answer 13

transport specific molecules across the plasma membrane based on the shape of the molecule and are of two (active and passive)

Question 14

What is a passive carrier protein?

Answer 14

assist in the diffusion of molecules and ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 15

What is an active carrier protein?

Answer 15

use ATP to pump ions or molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient

Question 16

Exocytosis:

Answer 16

substances to be exported from a cell are packaged into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and expel that contents into their surrounding

Question 17

Endocytosis:

Answer 17

brings substance into the cell by wrapping them in a section of the plasma membrane that eventually breaks free inside the cell

Question 18

Pinocytosis:

Answer 18

nonspecific type of endocytosis that brings in all the material in an immediate area

Question 19

Phagocytosis:

Answer 19

used to ingest large particles, such as a bacteria or viruses; white blood cells use phagocytosis to engulf and destroy foreign substances

Question 20

Receptor-mediated endocytosis:

Answer 20

uses specialized receptor proteins to determine which substances are incorporated into the vesicle created by the plasma membrane

Question 21

What is tight junctions?

Answer 21

formed by belts of proteins that create leakproof sheets of cells, which can be found in the skin and lining of the body cavities

Question 22

What is gap junctions?

Answer 22

direct cytoplasmic connections between two cells formed by protein lined tunnels that span the intercellular space between adjacent cells

Question 23

What is anchoring junctions?

Answer 23

patches of proteins that extend through the plasma membrane and link cells that typically undergo heavy structural stress

Question 24

Potential energy:

Answer 24

energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position

Question 25

Kinetic energy:

Answer 25

energy a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion

Question 26

Chemical energy:

Answer 26

the potential energy stored in atoms because of their bonding and position in relation to other atoms

Question 27

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Answer 27

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 28

The natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized over time

Answer 28

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 29

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy — C6H12Oc + 6O2

Answer 29

Photosynthesis

Question 30

C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Answer 30

Cellular Respiration

Question 31

Catabolism:

Answer 31

linked chain of energy producing reactions that release chemical energy in the process of breaking down complex biomolecules

Question 32

Anabolism:

Answer 32

linked chain of energy requiring reactions that create complex biomolecules from smaller organic compounds

Question 33

What is Oxidation?

Answer 33

loss of a molecule, atom, or ion

Question 34

What is Reduction?

Answer 34

gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion

Question 35

Primary structure:

Answer 35

polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence)

Question 36

Secondary structure:

Answer 36

helix and pleated sheet (three polypeptide strands)

Question 37

Tertiary structure:

Answer 37

helix and pleated sheets fold into a #D shape

Question 38

Quaternary structure:

Answer 38

relationship of several folded polypeptide chains, forming a protein

Question 39

NADPH:

Answer 39

delivers energy by providing electrons and hydrogen ions to anabolic pathways (photosynthesis)

Question 40

NADH:

Answer 40

picks up electrons and hydrogen ions that have been released from catabolic pathways (respiration)

Question 41

Glycolysis:

Answer 41

enzyme catalyzed reactions break sugar molecules into smaller molecules generating ATP

Question 42

Krebs cycle:

Answer 42

molecules produced by glycolysis are broken to release carbon dioxide generating energy carriers

Question 43

Photons:

Answer 43

massless particles that carry a fixed amount of energy and exhibit wavelike characteristics

Question 44

During the light reactions…

Answer 44

NADPH is produced

Question 45

What does photosystem 1 produce

Answer 45

NADPH