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bio 111 final > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps to the Scientific Method?

A
  1. observation
  2. question
  3. research
  4. hypothesis
  5. experiment
  6. analyze
  7. report (peer review)
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2
Q

What is an experiment?

A

repeatable manipulation of one or more aspects of the natural world by the investigator

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3
Q

What is a treatment group?

A

change in one variable

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4
Q

What is a controlled group?

A

variable is constant

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5
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

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6
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

measured variable, changes when independent is altered

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

A
  • composed of one or more cells
    -reproduce using DNA
    -obtain energy from their environment
    -respond to environment
    -homeostasis
    -evolve as group
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8
Q

What is a self-enclosed cell that is enclosed by a water repellent layer?

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

Definition of DNA:

A

genetic material that contains all the instructions for building, maintaining, and growing a cell

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10
Q

Definition of Gene:

A

segment of DNA that codes for a specific genetic trait

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11
Q

Definition of Homeostasis:

A

self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

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12
Q

Definition of Metabolism:

A

capture, storage, and use of energy by an organism

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13
Q

Definition of Atoms:

A

building blocks of matter, which compose the universe

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14
Q

Definition of Molecule:

A

two or more atoms are held together by chemical bonds

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15
Q

Definition of Biomolecules:

A

molecules found in all living cells and generally contain carbon

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16
Q

Definition of Cell:

A

smallest unit of life

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17
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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18
Q

What are isotopes?

A

an element are atoms with different numbers of neutrons

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19
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in the nucleus

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20
Q

What is a cation?

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

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21
Q

What is anion?

A

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

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22
Q

What is an ionic bonds?

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge

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23
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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24
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons (strongest)

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25
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atoms is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

26
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

substances dissolve easy in water

27
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

molecules do not interact with water

28
Q

What does endergonic do?

A

reactions absorb energy

29
Q

What does exergonic?

A

reactions release energy

30
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis of molecules in a cell (A+B–AB)

31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the decomposition reactions in a cell (AB– A+B)

32
Q

What is an acid?

A

substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions (H)

33
Q

What is a base?

A

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions (OH)

34
Q

What is a salt?

A

substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither which in H or OH

35
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures and many carbohydrates

36
Q

What is a monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms (glucose and deoxyribose)

37
Q

What is a disaccharides?

A

formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis broken down by hydrolysis

38
Q

What is a polysaccharides?

A

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)

39
Q

What is a lipid?

40
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

no double bonds in the fatty acids

41
Q

What is unsaturated fat?

A

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

42
Q

What does a protein do?

A
  • enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
  • transporter proteins that move chemicals across the membranes
  • flagella and pills that aid in movement
43
Q

What is an amino acid also known as?

44
Q

A five-carbon, phosphate group, purine base?

A

nucleotide

45
Q

pentose, and nitrogen-containing base?

A

nucleosides

46
Q

Adenine hydrogen bonds with…

A

thymine, uracil(RNA)

47
Q

Cytosine hydrogen bonds with…

48
Q

What does ATP do?

A

stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions

49
Q

The cell theory is based on two concepts:

A
  • every living organism is composed of one or more cells
  • all cells living today came from a preexisting cell
50
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

contains a thick fluid called cytosol, consisting of ions and biomolecules mixed in water

51
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

important protein manufacturing organelles

52
Q

What does a selectively permeable barrier do?

A
  • capturing needed molecules and bringing them into the cell
  • removing waste from the cell
  • communicating with other cells and the environment
  • anchoring the cell in place
53
Q

Smooth ER:

A

produce lipids for other cellular compartments and help break down toxic organic compounds in the cell

54
Q

Rough ER:

A

dotted with ribosomes that produce proteins for use both inside and outside the cell

55
Q

Transport vesicle:

A

small, spherical, membrane enclosed sac that moves lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates between cellular compartments

56
Q

Golgi apparatus:

A

directs proteins and lipids produced by the ER to their final destination, either inside or outside the cell, through the addition of specific chemical groups

57
Q

Lysosomes:

A

contain enzymes that break down macromolecules, releasing the submits into the cytoplasm for recycling or waste removal

58
Q

Microtubules

A
  • positioning organelles
  • moving transport vesicles and other organelles
  • generating force to propel the cell
  • made of Lublin
59
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A

roselike cables of protein that provide mechanical reinforcement to the cell

60
Q

Microfilaments:

A

thin, flexible proteins (actin) that create cell shape and generate crawling movements in some cells

bio 111 final (4 decks)

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