Module 1

Question 1

What are the steps to the Scientific Method?

Answer 1

1. observation
2. question
3. research
4. hypothesis
5. experiment
6. analyze
7. report (peer review)

Question 2

What is an experiment?

Answer 2

repeatable manipulation of one or more aspects of the natural world by the investigator

Question 3

What is a treatment group?

Answer 3

change in one variable

Question 4

What is a controlled group?

Answer 4

variable is constant

Question 5

What is an independent variable?

Answer 5

a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

Question 6

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 6

measured variable, changes when independent is altered

Question 7

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

Answer 7

• composed of one or more cells
  -reproduce using DNA
  -obtain energy from their environment
  -respond to environment
  -homeostasis
  -evolve as group

Question 8

What is a self-enclosed cell that is enclosed by a water repellent layer?

Answer 8

plasma membrane

Question 9

Definition of DNA:

Answer 9

genetic material that contains all the instructions for building, maintaining, and growing a cell

Question 10

Definition of Gene:

Answer 10

segment of DNA that codes for a specific genetic trait

Question 11

Definition of Homeostasis:

Answer 11

self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Question 12

Definition of Metabolism:

Answer 12

capture, storage, and use of energy by an organism

Question 13

Definition of Atoms:

Answer 13

building blocks of matter, which compose the universe

Question 14

Definition of Molecule:

Answer 14

two or more atoms are held together by chemical bonds

Question 15

Definition of Biomolecules:

Answer 15

molecules found in all living cells and generally contain carbon

Question 16

Definition of Cell:

Answer 16

smallest unit of life

Question 17

What is atomic mass?

Answer 17

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 18

What are isotopes?

Answer 18

an element are atoms with different numbers of neutrons

Question 19

What is the atomic number?

Answer 19

number of protons in the nucleus

Question 20

What is a cation?

Answer 20

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

Question 21

What is anion?

Answer 21

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

Question 22

What is an ionic bonds?

Answer 22

attractions between ions of opposite charge

Question 23

What is an ion?

Answer 23

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

Question 24

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 24

Two atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons (strongest)

Question 25

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 25

hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atoms is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

Question 26

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 26

substances dissolve easy in water

Question 27

What is hydrophobic?

Answer 27

molecules do not interact with water

Question 28

What does endergonic do?

Answer 28

reactions absorb energy

Question 29

What does exergonic?

Answer 29

reactions release energy

Question 30

What is anabolism?

Answer 30

synthesis of molecules in a cell (A+B--AB)

Question 31

What is catabolism?

Answer 31

the decomposition reactions in a cell (AB-- A+B)

Question 32

What is an acid?

Answer 32

substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions (H)

Question 33

What is a base?

Answer 33

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions (OH)

Question 34

What is a salt?

Answer 34

substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither which in H or OH

Question 35

What are isomers?

Answer 35

molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures and many carbohydrates

Question 36

What is a monosaccharides?

Answer 36

simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms (glucose and deoxyribose)

Question 37

What is a disaccharides?

Answer 37

formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis broken down by hydrolysis

Question 38

What is a polysaccharides?

Answer 38

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis (starch, glycogen, and cellulose)

Question 39

What is a lipid?

Answer 39

fat

Question 40

What is a saturated fat?

Answer 40

no double bonds in the fatty acids

Question 41

What is unsaturated fat?

Answer 41

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

Question 42

What does a protein do?

Answer 42

- enzymes that speed up chemical reactions - transporter proteins that move chemicals across the membranes - flagella and pills that aid in movement

Question 43

What is an amino acid also known as?

Answer 43

proteins

Question 44

A five-carbon, phosphate group, purine base?

Answer 44

nucleotide

Question 45

pentose, and nitrogen-containing base?

Answer 45

nucleosides

Question 46

Adenine hydrogen bonds with...

Answer 46

thymine, uracil(RNA)

Question 47

Cytosine hydrogen bonds with...

Answer 47

guanine

Question 48

What does ATP do?

Answer 48

stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions

Question 49

The cell theory is based on two concepts:

Answer 49

- every living organism is composed of one or more cells - all cells living today came from a preexisting cell

Question 50

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 50

contains a thick fluid called cytosol, consisting of ions and biomolecules mixed in water

Question 51

What are ribosomes?

Answer 51

important protein manufacturing organelles

Question 52

What does a selectively permeable barrier do?

Answer 52

- capturing needed molecules and bringing them into the cell - removing waste from the cell - communicating with other cells and the environment - anchoring the cell in place

Question 53

Smooth ER:

Answer 53

produce lipids for other cellular compartments and help break down toxic organic compounds in the cell

Question 54

Rough ER:

Answer 54

dotted with ribosomes that produce proteins for use both inside and outside the cell

Question 55

Transport vesicle:

Answer 55

small, spherical, membrane enclosed sac that moves lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates between cellular compartments

Question 56

Golgi apparatus:

Answer 56

directs proteins and lipids produced by the ER to their final destination, either inside or outside the cell, through the addition of specific chemical groups

Question 57

Lysosomes:

Answer 57

contain enzymes that break down macromolecules, releasing the submits into the cytoplasm for recycling or waste removal

Question 58

Microtubules

Answer 58

- positioning organelles - moving transport vesicles and other organelles - generating force to propel the cell - made of Lublin

Question 59

Intermediate filaments:

Answer 59

roselike cables of protein that provide mechanical reinforcement to the cell

Question 60

Microfilaments:

Answer 60

thin, flexible proteins (actin) that create cell shape and generate crawling movements in some cells