Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What three major groups of drugs are used to maintain or restore circulation?
A
Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics
2
Q
What is another name for an antiplatelet?
A
Antithrombotic
3
Q
What does an anticoagulant do?
A
Prevent the formation of clots that inhibit circulation
4
Q
What does an antiplatelet do?
A
Prevent platelet aggregation
5
Q
What is platelet aggregation?
A
Clumping together of platelets to form a clot
6
Q
What is another name for a thrombolytic?
A
Clot bluster
7
Q
What does a thrombolytic do?
A
Attack and dissolve blood clots that have already formed
8
Q
Define thrombosis
A
Formation of a clot in an arterial or venous vessel
9
Q
How does an arterial clot form?
A
Blood stasis, platelet aggregation on the blood vessel wall or blood coagulation
10
Q
What are arterial clots made of?
A
White (platelets that initiate the process —> fibrin formation) and red clots(trapping of red blood cells in fibrin mesh)
11
Q
How are blood clots in the veins formed?
A
Platelet aggregation with fibrin that attaches to red blood cells
12
Q
What is an embolus?
A
Where a blood clot is dislodged from the vessel wall (arterial or veinous) and moves through the bloodstream
13
Q
How does a venous thrombus usually form?
A
Slow blood flow, and it can form rapidly
14
Q
Oral and parenteral anticoagulants such as _________ and ___________ act primarily to prevent _____________ thrombosis
A
Warfarin, heparin, venous
15
Q
What type of drug prevents arterial thrombosis?
A
Antiplatelet drugs
16
Q
T/F anticoagulants dissolve clots that are already formed
A
False- they prevent new clots form forming
17
Q
What type of patients may be put on anticoagulants?
A
Venous and arterial disorders that put them at high risk for clot formation
18
Q
What are two venous problems?
A
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolisms (PE)
19
Q
What are some arterial problems?
A
Coronary thrombosis (Myocardial infarction (MI)) presence of artificial heart valves, and cerebral vascular accident (CVA/stroke)
20
Q
How is heparin administered?
A
IV or SC
21
Q
What is heparin?
A
Natural substance in the liver that Prevents clot formation ; used for anticoagulant effects
22
Q
How does heparin prevent the clotting cascade?
A
Binds to antithrombin III, which inactivates thrombin . This inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, so the clot is prevented
23
Q
What tests are used to monitor Heparin therapy?
A
PTT and aPTT (partial thrombophlebitis time and activated partial thromboplastin time); used to detect clotting factor deficiencies
24
Q
What is the anticoagulant antagonist for Heparin?
A
Protamine sulfate
25
What is another name for aspirin?
ASA(acetylsalicylic acid) or salicilit
26
What instance you use chewable aspirin versus enteric coated?
Heart attack, chest pain- 324 mg baby aspirin, 4 tablets
27
What education should a nurse give when administered an NSAID?
Irritates stomach—> eat! Drink water
28
What type of drug is aspirin?
Antiplatelet
29
Adverse effects of aspirin?
GI irritation, hemorrhagic stroke, gastric bleeding (ulcer), thrombocytopenia , tinnitus, hearing loss
30
Low dose of 81 mg of baby aspirin is taken for what?
Preventing MI or CVA
31
Side effects of clopidogrel
Bleeding, GI effects
32
What are the four herbal supplements that interact with antiplatelets?
Ginseng, ginkgo,garlic, and ginger
33
What is a sign that a nurse may expect if the patient has had too much aspirin?
Tinnitus
34
Contraindications for antiplatelets?
Elective surgeries (bleeding risk!) stop at least 7 days prior Or active bleeding
35
What should the nurse monitor for when a patient is on an Antiplatelet
Stroke: facial drooping, slurred speech, one sided weakness
Petichiae
Bruising
Melena (Black tarry stool)
Hematemesis
Hematuria
36
Can aspirin and clopidogrel be taken together?
Yes, just assess
37
Normal platelet count?
150,000- 400,000
38
What kind of precautions should a patient be on when taking an antiplatelet?
Bleeding precations- soft toothbrush and electric razor
39
Adverse effects for anticoagulants?
Pallor, fatigue, pink urine
40
What can anticoagulants be used for ______________________
Prophylactic treatment, A-fib, MI, CVA, artificial heart valves
41
What is the low molecular weight heparin?
Enoxaprin- prefilled syringe dependent on patient’s weight
42
Do you aspirate a prefilled enoxaprin syringe?
No, the bubble stays in to seal it off after injection is given
43
Heparin contraindications
Blood disorders, gastric ulcer, eye brain or gastric surgery
44
What is the pregnancy category for heparin?
C
45
aPTT verified ______ to initiating and before any rate change (__________)
Prior; q4-6h
46
What three drug groups regulate heart contraction, heart rate, heart rhythm, and bloodflow to the myocardium?
Cardiac glycosides, antianginals, and antidysrhythmics
47
What is ANP?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
48
What is another name for ANP?
ANH- atrial natriuretic hormone
49
What does ANP do?
Antagonist to renin and aldosterone- released during expansion of atrium-vasodilation and increased GFR—-> large volume of urine=decrease blood volume -decreased BP
50
What is BNP?
Brain natriuretic peptide
51
What can ANH be used for?
Confirm HF- heart failure
52
What can BNP be used for?
Aid in diagnosis of HF-heart failure , helps differentiate dyspnea to HF rather than lung dysfunction; more sensitive test for HF than ANP
53
Normal value range for ANP?
20-77 pg/mL or ng/L
54
Normal range value for BNP?
Desired=<100 pg/mL
Positive value= >100pg/mL
Heart failure= 400 pg/mL or greater
55
How many g of salt per day for a pt with HF?
2g/day (1 tsp)
56
Alcohol intake for HF pt?
1 drink/day or completely avoided - excessive alcohol can lead to cardiomyopathy
57
What should a nurse restrict for a HF pt?
Sodium , fluids, sat fat
58
How does smoking affect a HF pt?
Deprives the heart of oxygen
59
What drug groups can be used to treat HF?
IN inotropic agents, vasodilators, diuretics, Beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBS, CCBs
60
How many actions does a cardiac glycoside have?
Three
61
What are the three actions of a cardiac glycoside?
Positive inotropic, negative chronotropic, and negative dromotropic
62
What do the three actions of the cardiac glycosides do overall?
Increase the pumping ability of the heart
63
What does a positive inotropic cardiac glycoside do?
Increases myocardial contractility
64
What does a negative chronotropic cardiac glycoside do?
Decrease HR
65
What does a negative dromotropic cardiac glycoside do?
Decreases conduction
66
What category does Digoxin fall under?
Cardiac glycoside
67
What is the purpose of Digoxin?
Decrease cardiac workload, increase the contractility and Cardiac output
68
What are the indications to give a pt digoxin?
HF, A fib , A flutter
69
What routes can Digoxin be given?
IV, PO, IM
70
What reaction happens with a diuretic and digoxin?
Hypokalemia (from diuretic)= increased digoxin absorption= risk for toxicity
71
What reaction occurs when digoxin is taken with an antacid?
Lower digoxin absorption
72
What are the lab interactions for Digoxin?
Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypercalcemia
73
What is the normal potassium range?
3.5-5
74
How can Digoxin toxicity affect the body?
Cardiotoxicity, GI effects, CNS effects
75
What are the CNS effects for Digoxin toxicity?
Green yellow halos, diplopia, dysrhythmias, headache
76
What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin?
0.5-2ng/mL
77
What is the antidote for Digoxin?
Digoxin immune fab (given IV with continuous cardiac monitoring)
78
What is the first GI effect of Digoxin toxicity?
Anorexia
79
What must a nurse do prior to administering Digoxin to a patient?
Take their apical pulse for a full minute- hold if HR<60
80
What are the S/S of HF?
Peripheral edema, SOB, activity intolerance, crackles, JVD
81
When should a nurse get an EKG when a pt has monitored potassium levels?
<3.5—> STAT
82
What should a nurse teach a client about when on Digoxin?
Assess HR—> report if <60 and hold med, eat potassium rich foods
83
What foods are high in potassium?
Fresh citrus fruits and vegetables, potatos, green leafy veggies and nuts
84
What kind of medication are Nitrates?
Antianginal medications
85
What is the most common antianginal medication?
Nitroglycerin
86
What is the purpose of Nitroglycerin?
Decrease cardiac oxygen demand and vasodilation, decreasing preload
87
What routes can nitroglycerin be given?
SL, ER cap, Topical, transdermal, IV(if IV- monitor VS frequently)
88
What type of CP us nitroglycerin used for?
Acute
89
What does alcohol, BP meds, vasodilators do to the effects of Nitroglycerin?
Increases the effect
90
What is a contra indicator for nitroglycerin?
PDE5 inhibitors- can cause fatal hypotension, soldenofil, tadialofil, and bardenofil
91
What are the biggest side effects for nitroglycerin?
Headache and hypotension
92
What are some adverse effects for nitroglycerin?
Orthostatic hypotension, telex tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea
93
Nursing interventions for pt on nitroglycerin?
Pt move slowly, sit or lie down before taking it, sip of water before SL, acetaminophen for headache, educate to not abruptly stop med
94
How do diuretics work?
Block sodium and chloride, preventing water reabsorption= increased output; potassium wasting or sparing
95
What is the purpose of a diuretic?
Lower BP and decrease edema
96
How does a diuretic affect kidney function?
Prevent sodium and water reabsorption in kidney tubles= increased urinate output
97
What are the type of diuretics?
Thiazide, loop, potassium sparing, osmotic
98
What are thiazides used for?
Essential HTN, HF, edema; slow onset
99
What is the most common thiazide?
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
100
What are contraindications for HCTZ?
Renal failure, pregnancy, allergy to sulfonamides, anuria
101
What are the lab interactions for thiazides?
Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia
102
What are the drug interactions for thiazides?
Digoxin and antihypertensives
103
Side effects of thiazides?
Hypotension, phototoxic, dehydration, electrolyte changes, hyperglycemia, weakness, dizziness, diarrhea, constipation
104
Nursing interventions for thiazides
S/S hypokalemia—> EKG, BP, calcium level, blood sugar, potassium supplements, output monitor, weight and fall risk
105
How much fluid is retained when a retention pt gains 2.2 lbs?
1 liter
106
Pt teaching for thiazides
Potassium rich goods, change positions slowly, take med in AM, Daily weight, sunblock, take with food
107
Are loop diuretics potassium wasting or sparing?
Wasting
108
What is the strongest Loop diuretic?
Furosemide (fast and furious)
109
Are loop diuretics fast acting or slow acting?
Rapid action onset—> potent
110
How long does it take IV loop diuretics to take effect?
5 minutes
111
What are loop diuretics used for?
CHF, edema, HTN, acute renal failure, acute pulmonary edema, rapid mobilization of edema needed, hypertensive crisis
112
What are the routes for loop diuretics?
IV, PO, IM
113
Contraindications for loop diuretics?
Sulfamide or sulfa drug allergies, hypokalemia, or anuria (except for ethacrynic acid)
114
What drug interactions happen with loop diuretics?
Digoxin (if hypokalemia from loop—> digoxin toxicity risk.. take potassium supplement to avoid Ototoxic drugs (loop can be ototoxic) and antihypertensives
115
Lab interactions for loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, BUN and creatinine increase, hyperlipidemia
116
Side/adverse effects of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hypotension, phototoxic, dehydration, tinnitus/ ototoxicity (IV route if pushed too quickly)
117
Nursing interventions- loop diuretic
Sulfa allergies? S/S hypokalemia, BG, postassium supplements, urine output, weight
118
Pt teaching for loop diuretics
Change positions slowly, eat potassium rich foods, take in AM, S/S hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia , take with food, wear sunscreen, avoid foods high in sodium, daily weight, and BP log (if for HTN)
119
What drug interactions happen with potassium sparing diuretics?
Any drug that can increase potassium (K supp and ACE inhibitors), salt substitutes (made with k) and thiazide and loop diuretics (rxn bc k intention diff- wasting vs sparing and incrased dehydration with multiple diuretics)
120
Contraindications for potassium sparing diuretics
Hyperkalemia, kidney failure, 1st trimester pregnancy
121
Side/adverse effects for potassium sparing diuretics
Hyperkalemia, dizziness, androgen effects, gynecomastia, diarrhea, increased risk of gastric bleeding,tumor prone, headache, and abd cramping
122
Potassium sparing interventions
Hyperkalemia, monitor for N/V diarrhea, paresthesia, tachycardia, oliguria, abd cramps; watch k levels, k rich foods, long half life, avoid salt substitutes and k supplements, avoid fruit juices
123
What should you remember about diuretics?
Check BP before giving, dehydration bc inc output, output should be min 30mL/hr, take in AM no later than 2 pm (urinate frequently, at night= safety risk), daily weights
124
How can you check for dehydration?
Assess mucous membranes, skin turgor, and VS
125
If a pt has a potassium level of 3.5 and the nurse is to give them a loop diuretic, what does the patient need along with the medication?
Potassium
126
What type of drug is mannitol
Osmotic
127
What is the purpose of mannitol?
Acute renal failure, increased ICP or IOP, kidney protection for susplatin (chemo)
128
Side effects of osmotics
Edema, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, heart failure, N/V, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, renal failure
129
What should be cautioned for osmotics?
If patient has a heart disease or failure
130
Nursing interventions for osmotics
S/S HF, monitor VS, EKG, I&O, RFTs, Electrolytes, in-line filter for IV administration
131
What should the nurse teach the pt when on mannitol?
S/S HF (JVD/ peripheral edema, SOB, fluid retention, activity intolerance)
132
How is BP classified?
JNC 8
133
What is stage 1 hypertension?
SVP 130-139 and DVP 80-89
134
What is stage 2 hypertension?
SVP greater than equal to 140 and DVP greater than or equal to 90
135
BP target for those <60 yo
140/90
136
BP target for those > 60 yo
150/90
137
BP target for those with CKD
<140/90
138
Initial tx for nonblack pt including DM
Thiazides, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBS
139
initial tx for black patients
Thiazides or calcium channel blockers
140
Tx for those with CKD and HTN
ACE or ARB S or add on therapy , if target not reached in one month, increase dose or add a second med
141
What are the two types of HTN?
Primary (essential) HTN and secondary HTN
142
What is the difference between primary and secondary HTN?
Primary is chronic and progressive with tx but no cure, and it results from an unidentifiable cause. Secondary is a result of a primary cause identifiable, tx for cause and can be cured, renal and endocrine disorders most common cause
143
What are the risk factors for primary (essential) HTN?
Obesity, race, age, family Hx, smoking, stress, high cholesterol, DM, and alcohol use
144
What is the first recommendation for HTN Tx?
Lifestyle modifications: weight loss, stress reduction, sodium restriction, DASH eating plan,alcohol restriction, increase exercise, and smoking cessation
145
Can a beta blocker be used with another antihypertensive or diuretic?
Yes
146
What are the selective beta blockers?
Metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, acebutolol, and betaxolol
147
What are the nonselective beta blockers?
Propranolol, carvedilol
148
What do beta blocker cause?
Bradycardia, hypotension, decreased contractility, mask hypoglycemia , insomnia, fatigue, depression, nightmares, ED
149
How do Asian Americans differ for Caucasians on beta blockers
They are more hypersensitive, so a lower dose is needed
150
How do black African Americans differ from Caucasians on beta blockers
Not initial tx/ mono therapy (they have decreased renin HTN) and Caucasian’s have increased renin HTN
151
What do Nonselective beta blockers cause?
Bronchoconstriction and hypoglycemia
152
What are contraindications to give a nonselective beta blocker?
Those with DM and respiratory disorders
153
What are the nursing interventions for beta blockers?
VS monitor. Taper dos (causes rebound HTN, angina, possible MI if abruptly stopped), orthostatic hypotension- safety and dizziness=fall risk, depression=safety and educate, labs= kidney and liver function tests (BUN creatinine liver enzymes) and blood glucose monitoring , decrease Na in diet and report S/S of depression
154
What are two central acting alpha agonists?
Clonidine and methyldopa
155
What to clonidine and methyldopa do?
Stimulate alpha 2 receptors, decrease epi/norepi release= vasodilation and decrease CO
156
Side effects of methyldopa and clonidine
Hypotension, bradycardia, anticholinergic effects, peripheral edema
157
Can methyldopa and clonidine be stopped abruptly?
No, must be tapered, or rebound HTN
158
Which central acting alpha 2 agonist can be administered as a transdermal patch?
Clonidine, replace on new site very 7 days
159
Which central acting alpha 2 agonist can be given during pregnancy?
Methyldopa
160
What are the contraindications for central acting alpha 2 agonists?
Liver dysfunction
161
What type of drug is prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, and tamsulosin?
Alpha 1 blockers
162
What does prazosin do?
Lower BP and edema- vasodilation, hypotension= dizziness, headache, nausea
163
What do direct acting vasodilators do?
Vasodilate arteries and increases blood flow to brain and kidneys; retains water and sodium
164
What are hydralazine and minoxidil used for?
Moderate- severe HTN
165
Side effects/adverse effects of direct acting vasodilators
Orthostatic hypotension dizziness, headache, parenthesia, reflex tachycardia, palpitations, angina, nasal congestion, atresia, N/V/D
166
What is Nitroprusside?
Fastest acting antihypertensive available; emergencies; titration depends on BP (monitor whole time)
167
Nitroprusside Side/adverse effects
Brady/tachycardia, restlessness, palpitations, hypotension
168
What type of drug is an ACE inhibitor?
Antihypertensive
169
What is the suffix for ACE inhibitors?
-pril
170
How do ACE inhibitors work?
RAAS, blocks aldosterone release , decreases BP w/ little to no change in CO
171
Do ACE inhibitors affect blood glucose levels?
No
172
T/F: ACE inhibitors can be used to treat neuropathy patients
T, it preserves renal function
173
What other drugs can ACE inhibitors be used with?
Antihypertensives like thiazines (diuretic) and Beta blockers
174
What is used as the primary treatment for black patients?
Diuretics like thiazine
175
What are some major warnings for ACE inhibitors?
Black box warnings: pregnancy contraindicated(decreases placental blood flow) and angioedema a serious adverse effect
176
Side/ adverse effects of ACE inhibitors
A-angioedema (a/e)
C- cough (dry, irritated=s/e)
E- elevated potassium (hyperkalemia-a/e)
177
What should a nurse do if a patient has a cough on an ACE inhibitor?
If cough= tolerable, can continue med, but if intolerable, notify provider and switch to ARB
178
Nursing interventions for ACE inhibitors?
Call provider if SVP<100, monitor VS, I&O, angioedma, and labs (liver and renal function tests, CBC, glucose levels)
Teach to taper dose, avoid potassium high foods, how to take BP at home, and avoid during pregnancy
179
What is an ARB?
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
180
What is the suffix for ARBs?
-sartan
181
What are ARBs used for?
Similar to ACE inhibitor, no cough, less risks, contraindicated in pregnancy; decrease BP by inhibiting the release of renin
182
Who are ARBs less effective on?
Black patients
183
What is Valsartan?
An ARB
184
What do calcium channel blockers do?
Block the calcium channels in smooth muscle causing vasodilation, effective in black patients
185
What is the suffix for calcium channel blockers?
-di, -pine, -mil, -dial (except diltiazem)
186
Side/adverse effects of calcium channel blockers
Edema (hands, feet, ankles), hypotension,bradycardia, reflex tachycardia, CHF, flushing, palpitations
187
Nursing interventions for Calcium channel blockers
Monitor VS, EKG, I&O, daily weight, labs, edema and flushing?
Pt teaching- taper dose, report CP or SOB
Drug reactions= statins, grape fruit juice (increase calcium blockers)
188
What is considered a hypertensive emergency?
DBP greater than 120mm Hg, all drugs given IV, hydralazine IV for hypertensive crisis
189
What are some things to remember for antihypertensives?
-Always check VS before giving BP meds
-MUST be tapered
-OTC meds and herbs interact with BP meds
-ALL BP meds cause some degree of dizziness and hypotension
-Most BP meds cause sexual dysfunction
190
What can ACE inhibitors cause?
Cough, hyperkalemia, 1st dose HTN, angioedema
191
What should a nurse not administer with an ACE inhibitor?
Potassium sparing diuretics (ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia)
192
T/F: ARBs cause angioedema and cough
False, cause angioedema but not cough
193
What can a nurse assess for when a patient is on calcium channel blockers?
Peripheral edema
194
What condition do Beta blockers mask?
S/s of hypoglycemia
195
What is cholesterol?
Substance made by liver in the sleep that is required for synthesis of some hormones and is in the cell membranes
196
What deactivated enzyme is responsible for lowering cholesterol levels?
HMG-CoA reductase
197
What are the first interventions for lowering a patients cholesterol?
Diet- cholesterol no more than 30% caloric intake, decrease sat fat and cholesterol, exercise, and smoking cessation
198
What is the maximum of cholesterol per day?
300 mg/day
199
T/F: drugs are able to effectively lower cholesterol by themselves
False, drugs alone does not produce effective results
200
What drugs lower cholesterol?
Statins
201
What is another name for statins?
HMG-CoA re-educated inhibitors
202
Statins should be taken _________.
Indefinitely, cholesterol levels will resume to previous levels without medications
203
What is the normal HDL level?
>45 mg/dL
204
What is the normal range for LDL levels?
<130 mg/dL
205
What are statins used for?
Hypercholesterolemia treatment
206
What are the baseline labs tested before administration and throughout therapy for patients on statins?
Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglyceride, Liver function, kidney function, creatinine kinase, homocysteine, CRP, eye exam
207
What is the normal cholesterol range?
150-200
208
What is the normal triglyceride range?
40-150
209
What are the liver function tests?
ALT and AST
210
Kidney function tests
Creatinine, BUN, GFR
211
What does creatine kinase (CK) show?
Increase levels =Presence of cardiac disease, CVA, or Alzheimers
212
What does CRP show?
Increase level= tissue injury and inflammation
213
Why does a patient on statins need to get an eye exam yearly?
Check for cataracts
214
What route are statins given?
Oral
215
When does a statin need to be taken?
At night before bed
216
What is the pregnancy category for a statin?
X
217
What are the contraindications for statins?
Liver disease, breast feeding, or pregnancy
218
What are the side/ adverse effects of statins?
Gi issues, myopathy, hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, diplopia; d/c if myalgia or myopathy
219
What are the signs a nurse should look for in a patient for rhabdomyolysis on a statin?
Tea/brown colored urine, myalgia, myopathy, and elevated creatinine kinase
220
Nursing interventions and teaching for patients on statins
Liver function tests, S/S hepatotoxicity, CK level (myalgia), alcohol (avoid), eye exam (cataracts?), grapefruit juice (inc drug concentration), report muscle pain (myalgia), take before bed (liver makes cholesterol in sleep),take with food to decrease GI upset
221
S/S of hepatotoxicity
Abd pain, jaundice, Decrease GFR, high CK level
222
What is Nicotinic Acid?
Vitamin B3
223
What is another name for Nicotinic acid?
Niacin
224
When would a patient need Niacin?
If triglyceride level is >500
225
What is the dosing for Nicotinic Acid?
1,500-3,000mg qid/tid or ER tab 1,000-2,000 mg H.S.
226
What are the side effects of Niacin?
Peripheral vasodilation= flushing in face, ears, neck, chest and GI effects; dizziness, syncope, hypotension (with higher doses)
227
What can be taken to help the flushing side effects of Vitamin B3?
325 mg of aspirin
228
How can a patient avoid GI effects from Nicotinic acid?
Take it with food!
229
What is the route for Niacin?
Oral
230
Lipid Lowering drugs are what category?
Bile acid-binding resins (cholestyramine, colesevelam, and colestipol)
231
How do Bile-binding resins work?
They bind negatively charged acids in the SI; they are not absorbed and metabolized - they are excreted into feces.
Body compensates for reduction in bile-acids by converting cholesterol to bile acids which lowers cholesterol levels
232
How do Bile acid-binding resins lower cholesterol?
Use bile acid in stomach to bind to them and be excreted and convert cholesterol into bile acids to compensate for loss of bile acids.
233
Bile Acid Sequestrants are adjunct to what drugs?
Statins
234
What routes can Bile Acid Sequestrants be taken?
Powders PO in water and juice and PO pill
235
What are cholestyramine and colestipol?
Powders mixed with juice and water that are Bile Acid Sequestrants
236
What is colesevelam?
PO med taken with food and water with no other medications at the Same time
237
Colestipol pill must be taken……
30 min before a meal
238
What are the side and adverse effects of Bile Acid Sequestrants?
Flatulence, constipation, abd fullness, diarrhea, and prevents absorption of fat soluble vitamins and other medications
239
What are the nursing interventions for Bile Acid Sequestrants?
Increase fiber and fluids to prevent consitpation, laxatives can be used as well, mix the powders well and swallow pills and capsules whole-cannot be crushed or chewed, give fat soluble- vitamin supplements and all other medications four hours before BAS administration
240
