module 2 Flashcards
define: individual self, relational self, and collective self
individual: unique, what sets us apart from others
relational: belief abt identity in comparison to others
collective: identity as members of social groups one blongs to
possible selves
- markus and nurius
- concept of what we might like to be in the future
- desired and feared possible self
- motives us work toward a goal
self discrepancy theory
- higgins
- compare and contrast three versions of self: actual (what you are), ideal(what you want to be), and ought (what you should be)
- we are sensitive to contradictions
- emotional discomfort
Independent vs interdependent cultures
- Independent (individualistic): values individuality, autonomy, and self-reliance
- interdependent (collectivist): value fitting in, cooperation, and social harmony
the squeaky wheel gets the grease is to ____ cultures that the nail that stands out gets pounded down to ____ cultures
Independent, interdependent
what scale is used to measure self esteem
- rosenberg measure (1965)
- measures self esteem as a trait, sees it as relatively stable
- can also be measured as a state (day by day)
what are the three measurements of state self esteem
- social (fitting in)
- appearance (bad hair/clothes day)
- performance (you fuck up)
how to maintain self esteem
- self-serving biases
- self-handicapping
- self-affirmation
- basking in reflected glory or cutting off reflected failure
BIRGing
- basking in reflected glory
- self esteem is maintained by counting collective achievements as one’s own
- incorporate yourself
CIRFing
-cutting off reflected failure
-from a negative outcome you cut yourself off of collective loss
self-serving biases
- make attributions that explain away bad and take credit for good
self-handicapping
- ppl create obstacles for success so you can blame failure on it
self-affirmation
- thinking about success, shift focus on other positives
what are the two main forms of social comparisons
- upward: comparing yourself to ppl who are better off (motivating)
- downward: comparing yourself to ppl who are worse off (boosts self esteem)
typically we make ____ comparisons
slight downward, gives us a boost
when do you make upward comparison
- if level of success is believed to be attainable
- life transitions
- promotion instead of prevention
Self evaluation maintenance model
- when comparing good performance, the closer the person or domain are to you, the more painful the upward comparison
key variable of self evaluation maintenance model
- self relevance
- comparison: if domain is high in relevance, its threatening to sense of self
- reflection: if domain is low in relevance, friend’s performance will be positive, no threat
positive illusions
- non-depressed folk are often too positive when thinking about their own attributes
we overestimate _____ and underestimate _____
options: task completion times, personal control
personal control, task completion times
scenario thinking
- failure to learn from prior experiences
- failing to incorporate extra time for things that may come up
- add up the time we think a task will take with no room for error
affective forcasting
- tend to overestimate both intensity and duration of future emotions
- ex. good things will be better than they are (getting a job), bad things will be better than they are (break up)
- due to focalism and immune neglect
focalism
- only focusing on the positives or negative and nothing else
- not thinking about things that may offset the positivity/negativity
immune neglect
- neglecting the tools one can use to feel (ie affirmations etc)
spotlight phenomenon
- when ppl tend to overestimate the extent to which other ppl are paying attention to us
guilty by association
- overestimating the amount colleges or friends behaviours will reflect on them
