module 2

Question 1

define: individual self, relational self, and collective self

Answer 1

individual: unique, what sets us apart from others
relational: belief abt identity in comparison to others
collective: identity as members of social groups one blongs to

Question 2

possible selves

Answer 2

• markus and nurius
• concept of what we might like to be in the future
• desired and feared possible self
• motives us work toward a goal

Question 3

self discrepancy theory

Answer 3

• higgins
• compare and contrast three versions of self: actual (what you are), ideal(what you want to be), and ought (what you should be)
• we are sensitive to contradictions
• emotional discomfort

Question 4

Independent vs interdependent cultures

Answer 4

• Independent (individualistic): values individuality, autonomy, and self-reliance
• interdependent (collectivist): value fitting in, cooperation, and social harmony

Question 5

the squeaky wheel gets the grease is to ____ cultures that the nail that stands out gets pounded down to ____ cultures

Answer 5

Independent, interdependent

Question 6

what scale is used to measure self esteem

Answer 6

• rosenberg measure (1965)
• measures self esteem as a trait, sees it as relatively stable
• can also be measured as a state (day by day)

Question 7

what are the three measurements of state self esteem

Answer 7

• social (fitting in)
• appearance (bad hair/clothes day)
• performance (you fuck up)

Question 8

how to maintain self esteem

Answer 8

• self-serving biases
• self-handicapping
• self-affirmation
• basking in reflected glory or cutting off reflected failure

Question 9

BIRGing

Answer 9

• basking in reflected glory
• self esteem is maintained by counting collective achievements as one’s own
• incorporate yourself

Question 10

CIRFing

Answer 10

-cutting off reflected failure
-from a negative outcome you cut yourself off of collective loss

Question 11

self-serving biases

Answer 11

• make attributions that explain away bad and take credit for good

Question 12

self-handicapping

Answer 12

• ppl create obstacles for success so you can blame failure on it

Question 13

self-affirmation

Answer 13

• thinking about success, shift focus on other positives

Question 14

what are the two main forms of social comparisons

Answer 14

• upward: comparing yourself to ppl who are better off (motivating)
• downward: comparing yourself to ppl who are worse off (boosts self esteem)

Question 15

typically we make ____ comparisons

Answer 15

slight downward, gives us a boost

Question 16

when do you make upward comparison

Answer 16

• if level of success is believed to be attainable
• life transitions
• promotion instead of prevention

Question 17

Self evaluation maintenance model

Answer 17

• when comparing good performance, the closer the person or domain are to you, the more painful the upward comparison

Question 18

key variable of self evaluation maintenance model

Answer 18

• self relevance
• comparison: if domain is high in relevance, its threatening to sense of self
• reflection: if domain is low in relevance, friend’s performance will be positive, no threat

Question 19

positive illusions

Answer 19

• non-depressed folk are often too positive when thinking about their own attributes

Question 20

we overestimate _____ and underestimate _____

options: task completion times, personal control

Answer 20

personal control, task completion times

Question 21

scenario thinking

Answer 21

• failure to learn from prior experiences
• failing to incorporate extra time for things that may come up
• add up the time we think a task will take with no room for error

Question 22

affective forcasting

Answer 22

• tend to overestimate both intensity and duration of future emotions
• ex. good things will be better than they are (getting a job), bad things will be better than they are (break up)
• due to focalism and immune neglect

Question 23

focalism

Answer 23

• only focusing on the positives or negative and nothing else
• not thinking about things that may offset the positivity/negativity

Question 24

immune neglect

Answer 24

• neglecting the tools one can use to feel (ie affirmations etc)

Question 25

spotlight phenomenon

Answer 25

• when ppl tend to overestimate the extent to which other ppl are paying attention to us

Question 26

guilty by association

Answer 26

• overestimating the amount colleges or friends behaviours will reflect on them