MODULE 2 Flashcards
It provides a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political, and social factors.
SOCIOLOGY
“Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and society”
ANTHONY GIDDENS
considered one of the founders of sociology.
AUGUSTE COMTE
WHEN DID AUGUSTE COMTE COINED THE TERM “SOCIOLOGY”?
1838
SOCIUS:
LOGIA:
COMPANION; ASSOCIATE
STUDY OF SPEECH
believed sociology could unite all sciences and improve society
AUGUSTE COMTE
was a positivist who argued that sociology must have a scientific base and be objective.
AUGUSTE COMTE
theorized a three-stage development of society
COMTE
One common scientific method in sociology is the
SURVEY
defined sociology as the study of super-organic phenomena—that is, of relations among organisms. Thus, sociology could study nonhuman societies, such as ants and other insects, but the paramount super- organic phenomenon is human society.
HERBERT SPENCER
is famous for his doctrine of social Darwinism, which asserted that the principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time
HERBERT SPENCER
addresses society in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions
FUNCTIONALISM
wrote that the power relationships between capitalists and workers were inherently exploitative and would inevitably create class conflict.
KARL MARX
He believed that this conflict would ultimately lead to a revolution in which the working class would overthrow the capitalist class and seize control of the economy.
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY
is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx that focuses on the struggle between capitalists and the working class.
MARXISM
major contributions was to help define and establish the field of sociology as an academic discipline.
Emile Durkheim
focused on the shift in societies from a simple society to one that is more complex.
DIVISION OF LABOR
saw both structural and action approaches as necessary to developing a full understanding of society and social change.
MAX WEBER
believed that Bureaucracy was a better than traditional structures. In a bureaucratic organization, everyone is treated equal and the division of labor is clearly described for each employee.
MAW WEBER
Weber believes that there are four ideal types of social actions.
TRADITIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
AFFECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION
VALUE RATIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
INSTRUMENTAL-RATIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
actions controlled by traditions, “the way it has always been done”
TRADITIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
actions determined by one’s specific affections and emotional state, you do not think about the consequences
Value Rational Social Action: actions that are
AFFECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION
actions that are determined by a conscious belief in the inherent value of a type of behavior (ex: religion)
VALUE RATIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
actions that are carried out to achieve a certain goal, you do something because it leads to a result
INSTRUMENTAL-RATIONAL SOCIAL ACTION
“ the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.”
ANDREW HEYWOOD
systematic study of politics
POLITICAL SCIENCE
It focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation
POLITICAL SCIENCE
systems of governance
political theories
lawmaking process
political behavior and ethics
policies and their implications
political organization
electoral process
POLITICAL SCIENCE
the implementation of government policies
it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics, political science, and sociology
POLITICAL ECONOMY
Studies the effects of political culture, institutions and individual decision-making in different political systems around the world
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Studies the effects of political culture, institutions and individual decision-making in different political systems around the world
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
This field also examines how political processes and structures vary across counties and the historical development of these political processes and structures
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
analyses the political behavior and preferences of both political leaders and ordinary citizens. Major themes include the study of war and peace, democracy, dictatorship, regime change and economic development
often touches on both the domestic origins of foreign policy and the impact of the international system on domestic political behaviors and outcomes
COMPARATIV POLITICS
The Republic was first published in c. 380 BCE. Considered one of the most influential philosophers in history, HE is known for formulating his theories through Socratic dialogue.
PLATO
contains many important ideas, including justice and government, as philosophers argue over the definition and advantages of justice and governance of the city-state.
THE REPUBLIC
justice is defined as a social condition of balance and harmony, both in the state and the individual.
PLATO
“Democracy is governed by the people, and most people are at the lowest level of enlightenment.”
PLATO
critique of democracy.
PLATO
He is best known for his political treatise The Prince, written about 1513,
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
political treatise as an instruction guide for new princes and royals. accepting that the aims of princes – such as glory and survival – can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends.
THE PRINCE
He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science.
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
teaching of worldly success through scheming deceit.
MACHIAVELLIAN
The term “trias politica” or “separation of powers” was coined by
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
wrote that the main purpose of government is to maintain law and order, political liberty, and the property of the individual.
Baron de Montesquieu
The term “trias politica” or “separation of powers” was coined by
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.
SEPARATION OF POWERS
is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch.
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.
JUDICIAL BRANCH
where Rousseau writes of citizens being “forced to be free” when they are constrained to obey the general will.
SOCIAL CONTRACT
refer to freedom, with the famous saying that “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains”
SOCIAL CONTRACT
central argument in The Social Contract is that government attains its right to exist and to govern by “the consent of the governed.”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy. He argued this most forcefully in his landmark work, Leviathan.
THOMAS HOBBES
theory of Social Contract supports absolute sovereign without giving any value to individuals.
THOMAS HOBBES
