Module 2 Flashcards
Overview of Early Comm. Impairments:
developmental disabilities
about… children aged 3-17 were diagnosed with DD
Some groups of children more likely to be diagnosed:
- more ?
-…. children
children living in
children with
1/6 (17%)
boys compared to girls
non-hispanic white and non-hispanic black children
rural areas
public health insurance
Communication Impairment:
refers to difficulty ? in … or .. communication
a comm. impairment may:
affect
range in severity from
be … or ..
receiving, sending, processing and comprehending concepts / verbal or nonverbal
hearing, language or speech
mild to profound
dev. or acquired
Risk of Comm. Impairment:
…factors
biological: …
environmental:
-…status
parental
poor
poor access to
…
biological and environmental factors
genetic or gestational disorders, prematurity, LBW
socioeconomic status
parental mental illness
nutrition
healthcare
abuse
Communication Impairment runs in ?
approximately half of children with comm. impairment have a ?
families
person in their family also affected
Young children who are ELL do not ? however dual language learners with diff. in acquisition of their ? may be eligible
qualify
native language and second language
Intellectual disability:
impairment in ability to ?
diagnosed by IQ of less than impacting
Causes of ID are ?
think, reason, learn
70/ adaptive function in conceptual, social, practical domains
diverse and may be unknown
Developmental Disability:
umbrella terms that covers disorders that appear
intellectual disability is an example of one ? BUT can occur outside of ?
during developmental period
dev. disability / developmental period
Chromosomal disorders
can be due to:
errors in
chromosome
chromosomal ?
number of chromosomes
deletions
defects
Fragile X:
leading ?
caused by mutation on
deficits:
can occur in ? but more severe in ?
biological cause of ID in infants
X chromosome
reciprocity, play skills, gestures, relative strength in vocal comm.
females/ males
Down SYndrome:
caused by additional >
deficits include ? that is more severe than ?
order or progression of language skills similar to typical children but?
genetic material on 21st
language delay/cognitive delay
SLOWER
Prader-Willi Syndrome:
rare genetic disorder caused by gene deletion on ?
majority have
40% have mild
deficits:
-low
-short
-…disability
-..behavior
-incomplete
-chronic feelings of ?
linguistic. deficits:
poor
shorter
poor
poor …skills
gene deletion on chromosome 15
ID
mild ID
low muscle tone
short stature
cognitive disability
problem behavior
incomplete sexual development
chronic feelings of hunger
phonological skills
shorter utterances
poor narrative skills
poor oral motor skills
ASD neurodevelopmental disorder
social…
…,.. behaviors
present during ? but not fully manifested until
can be formally diagnosed … months, but routinely not being diagnosed until ?
comm. often primary ? with … percent remaining nonverbal
causes varied by … link on chromosome X
structure and neurological function different in
comm. problems
repetitive, restrictive behaviors
early dev./ laater
warning signs early as 9 months/ 18-24 months/ 4 or 5 years
area of concern/ 20-30%
genetic
brain of children with ASD
CP: most common cause of severe
non-progressive motor disorder as a result of ?
damage occurs? but may occur?
characterized by disturbances in ?
-
-
-
-
often accompanied by other ? secondary to muscoskeletal problems
motor impairment in children
static or permanent injury to fetal developing brain
in utero/ around time of birth
movement and posture
-spasticity (spastic)
-involuntary movement (dyskinetic)
-shaky moverment (ataxic)
mixed
neurodevelopmental disorders or impairments
CP:
Speech and Lang. difficulties include
-difficulty
…
…language delay
overwhelming majority diagnosed with CP will also have ?
85% of children with CP between 24-39 months of age - 3 groups identified
44% not
41% emerging
15% established
difficulty swallowing
dysarthria
receptive/expressive language delay
speech and lang. impairments which persist into school-age years
yet talking
emerging talkers
established talkers
Sensory disorders:
deafness:
threshold… or more
functional deafness: person relies on vision for
most common cause is genetic in form of
most hearing impairment occurs in hearing families but impact on language is less in families that ?
90db or more
environmental info and learning lang.
recessive gene
impact on language is less in families that sign for children pre-ling. deafness
Blindness/deafness:
legal blindness:
total blidnness
usher syndrome:
20/200 or less in better eye
complete lack and form and visual light perception
deaf and blidn
Children at risk:
International adoption
-is…
top countries
decreasing
china,ukraine, columbia, india
Why International adoptees at risk?
initially raised in?
large portion show ?
can lose … of linear growth every? in orphanages
often children internationally adopted come from countries with suboptimal ?
low?
poor?
limited access to ?
higher prev. for ?
poor?
orphanages for foster care
restricted physical growth
1 month/ 3-5 months
social determinants for health and dev.
personal income
nutrition
access to healthcare
prevalence for disease
maternal health care
What does Comm. dev. look like in International Adoptees:
unique ?
lose exposure to L1 and switch to ?
most will develop language but typically approx ? require. SLP
internationally adopted not the same as bilingual children - typically do not maintain
language learning profile
adopted language
57%
L1
Low SES:
why at risk:
stable
adequate
…care
stress can cause ?
what can comm. look like:
hear less ?
families from low SES use more ? and often do not include ?
families from low SES have lack of ? to acquire ?
child care
nutrition
medical/health care
biochemical changes to the brain
language in environment - so they use less
short directives and do not include children in convo
resources ot acquire books or family members unable to read
Why low SES use more short directives and do not include children in convo?
adult ? and inability to be ?
when living situation uncertain or dangerous and they fear for child’s safety =
depression and inability to be patient or playful
inability to be patient or playful
Maltreatment/neglect:
US spends more money fighting ? but continues to have highest rate of?
maltreatment: behavior towards child that creates substantial ? perpetrated by person responsible for ?
4 types:
child abuse/ child abuse
substantial risk causign physical or emotional harm by person responsible for child’s welfare
physical, sexual, emotional/psychologic, neglect (failure to provide basic needs of child)
What is most common form of maltreatment ?
mere presence of disability significantly increases ?
neglect, physical, sexual, psychological
incidence, duration and impact of maltreatment
Impact on Comm. and Lang. development - Maltreatment:
exhibit consistently poorer ?
direct relationship between amount of language child ? and what child ?
neglect reduces amount fo ?
may lead to self-soothing or adaptive behaviors similar to ?
BUT underlying cause is ?
language skills in receptive and expressive language
receives and what child produces
reduces amount of lang. child receives
ASD/ different
Prenatal Alcohol/drug exposure:
FASD: includes ranges of disorders from
fetal
alcohol related
alcohol related
…syndrome
diagnostic criteria include:
growth retardation below ?
facial characteristics:
absent or indistinct:
thinned
shortened
increased
damage to CNS manifested as ?
evidence of maternal ?
mild to severe
effects
related neurodevelopmental disorder
birth defects
fetal alcohol syndrome
20th percentile
philithrum
upper lip
eye opening
space between eyes
dev. disability
ID
cognitive or behavioral problems or combo
drinking during pregnancy
Fetal Cocaine Exposure:
diff. to determine because often in ?
disrupts region of brain assoc. with ? and negatively impacts ?
in infants: direct impact on ? processing and infants ?
persisten deficits in ?
conjunction
dopamine/ sustained attention and auditory processing
sensorineural processing/ overreact to stimuli
sustained attention and behavioral regulation
Cocaine exposure: effects on comm. and lang.
varies with
infants overreact to ?
..more
habituate more
decreased ?
one year: poorer
can adversely impact dev. into later ? but varies on >
age
stimuli
startle more
slowly
auditory processing
aud. comprehension
childhood / birth weight, gender, amount of exposure
Children with Late Language EmeregenceL
more than 90% begin using words by ?
10% begin
Criteria for LLE:
expressive vocal of less than and no ? by 24 months of age
18 months
talking later
50% / two word combos
-single production followed by
used consistently to refer to
used with
vowel
pause
specific person, object action or situation
intent
Risk factors for LLE
low
males more than
children with delayed
family factors:
family..
lower maternal and lower
late talkers more likely to have
birth weight
males than females
motor dev.
hx
education/ SES
siblings
Characteristics of children with LLE:
prevalence:
slow to start talking but typical
can present with ?
more show delay in
if expressive only see delayed ? and slow development of ?
if mixed: delay in ?
most children with LLE mature out of
13%
dev.
expressive delays or mixed expressive receptive
expressive
delayed vocal acquisition and slow development of sentence structure and articulation
lang. comprehension and oral lang. production
difficulties
Late talker or Late Bloomer:
