Module 2

Question 1

Overview of Early Comm. Impairments:

developmental disabilities
about… children aged 3-17 were diagnosed with DD

Some groups of children more likely to be diagnosed:
- more ?
-…. children
children living in
children with

Answer 1

1/6 (17%)

boys compared to girls
non-hispanic white and non-hispanic black children
rural areas
public health insurance

Question 2

Communication Impairment:
refers to difficulty ? in … or .. communication

a comm. impairment may:
affect
range in severity from
be … or ..

Answer 2

receiving, sending, processing and comprehending concepts / verbal or nonverbal

hearing, language or speech
mild to profound
dev. or acquired

Question 3

Risk of Comm. Impairment:
…factors
biological: …
environmental:
-…status
parental
poor
poor access to
…

Answer 3

biological and environmental factors
genetic or gestational disorders, prematurity, LBW

socioeconomic status
parental mental illness
nutrition
healthcare
abuse

Question 4

Communication Impairment runs in ?
approximately half of children with comm. impairment have a ?

Answer 4

families

person in their family also affected

Question 5

Young children who are ELL do not ? however dual language learners with diff. in acquisition of their ? may be eligible

Answer 5

qualify

native language and second language

Question 6

Intellectual disability:
impairment in ability to ?
diagnosed by IQ of less than impacting
Causes of ID are ?

Answer 6

think, reason, learn
70/ adaptive function in conceptual, social, practical domains

diverse and may be unknown

Question 7

Developmental Disability:
umbrella terms that covers disorders that appear
intellectual disability is an example of one ? BUT can occur outside of ?

Answer 7

during developmental period

dev. disability / developmental period

Question 8

Chromosomal disorders
can be due to:
errors in
chromosome
chromosomal ?

Answer 8

number of chromosomes
deletions
defects

Question 9

Fragile X:
leading ?
caused by mutation on
deficits:
can occur in ? but more severe in ?

Answer 9

biological cause of ID in infants
X chromosome
reciprocity, play skills, gestures, relative strength in vocal comm.
females/ males

Question 10

Down SYndrome:
caused by additional >
deficits include ? that is more severe than ?
order or progression of language skills similar to typical children but?

Answer 10

genetic material on 21st
language delay/cognitive delay
SLOWER

Question 11

Prader-Willi Syndrome:
rare genetic disorder caused by gene deletion on ?
majority have
40% have mild
deficits:
-low
-short
-…disability
-..behavior
-incomplete
-chronic feelings of ?

linguistic. deficits:
poor
shorter
poor
poor …skills

Answer 11

gene deletion on chromosome 15
ID
mild ID
low muscle tone
short stature
cognitive disability
problem behavior
incomplete sexual development
chronic feelings of hunger

phonological skills
shorter utterances
poor narrative skills
poor oral motor skills

Question 12

ASD neurodevelopmental disorder
social…
…,.. behaviors

present during ? but not fully manifested until
can be formally diagnosed … months, but routinely not being diagnosed until ?
comm. often primary ? with … percent remaining nonverbal
causes varied by … link on chromosome X
structure and neurological function different in

Answer 12

comm. problems
repetitive, restrictive behaviors

early dev./ laater
warning signs early as 9 months/ 18-24 months/ 4 or 5 years
area of concern/ 20-30%
genetic
brain of children with ASD

Question 13

CP: most common cause of severe
non-progressive motor disorder as a result of ?
damage occurs? but may occur?
characterized by disturbances in ?
-
-
-
-

often accompanied by other ? secondary to muscoskeletal problems

Answer 13

motor impairment in children
static or permanent injury to fetal developing brain
in utero/ around time of birth

movement and posture
-spasticity (spastic)
-involuntary movement (dyskinetic)
-shaky moverment (ataxic)
mixed

neurodevelopmental disorders or impairments

Question 14

CP:
Speech and Lang. difficulties include
-difficulty
…
…language delay

overwhelming majority diagnosed with CP will also have ?

85% of children with CP between 24-39 months of age - 3 groups identified
44% not
41% emerging
15% established

Answer 14

difficulty swallowing
dysarthria
receptive/expressive language delay

speech and lang. impairments which persist into school-age years

yet talking
emerging talkers
established talkers

Question 15

Sensory disorders:
deafness:
threshold… or more
functional deafness: person relies on vision for
most common cause is genetic in form of
most hearing impairment occurs in hearing families but impact on language is less in families that ?

Answer 15

90db or more
environmental info and learning lang.
recessive gene
impact on language is less in families that sign for children pre-ling. deafness

Question 16

Blindness/deafness:
legal blindness:
total blidnness
usher syndrome:

Answer 16

20/200 or less in better eye
complete lack and form and visual light perception
deaf and blidn

Question 17

Children at risk:
International adoption
-is…
top countries

Answer 17

decreasing
china,ukraine, columbia, india

Question 18

Why International adoptees at risk?
initially raised in?
large portion show ?
can lose … of linear growth every? in orphanages
often children internationally adopted come from countries with suboptimal ?
low?
poor?
limited access to ?
higher prev. for ?
poor?

Answer 18

orphanages for foster care
restricted physical growth
1 month/ 3-5 months
social determinants for health and dev.
personal income
nutrition
access to healthcare
prevalence for disease
maternal health care

Question 19

What does Comm. dev. look like in International Adoptees:
unique ?
lose exposure to L1 and switch to ?
most will develop language but typically approx ? require. SLP

internationally adopted not the same as bilingual children - typically do not maintain

Answer 19

language learning profile

adopted language

57%

L1

Question 20

Low SES:
why at risk:
stable
adequate
…care
stress can cause ?

what can comm. look like:
hear less ?
families from low SES use more ? and often do not include ?
families from low SES have lack of ? to acquire ?

Answer 20

child care
nutrition
medical/health care
biochemical changes to the brain

language in environment - so they use less
short directives and do not include children in convo
resources ot acquire books or family members unable to read

Question 21

Why low SES use more short directives and do not include children in convo?
adult ? and inability to be ?
when living situation uncertain or dangerous and they fear for child’s safety =

Answer 21

depression and inability to be patient or playful
inability to be patient or playful

Question 22

Maltreatment/neglect:
US spends more money fighting ? but continues to have highest rate of?
maltreatment: behavior towards child that creates substantial ? perpetrated by person responsible for ?
4 types:

Answer 22

child abuse/ child abuse
substantial risk causign physical or emotional harm by person responsible for child’s welfare

physical, sexual, emotional/psychologic, neglect (failure to provide basic needs of child)

Question 23

What is most common form of maltreatment ?
mere presence of disability significantly increases ?

Answer 23

neglect, physical, sexual, psychological

incidence, duration and impact of maltreatment

Question 24

Impact on Comm. and Lang. development - Maltreatment:
exhibit consistently poorer ?
direct relationship between amount of language child ? and what child ?
neglect reduces amount fo ?
may lead to self-soothing or adaptive behaviors similar to ?
BUT underlying cause is ?

Answer 24

language skills in receptive and expressive language
receives and what child produces
reduces amount of lang. child receives

ASD/ different

Question 25

Prenatal Alcohol/drug exposure:
FASD: includes ranges of disorders from
fetal
alcohol related
alcohol related
…syndrome

diagnostic criteria include:
growth retardation below ?
facial characteristics:
absent or indistinct:
thinned
shortened
increased

damage to CNS manifested as ?
evidence of maternal ?

Answer 25

mild to severe
effects
related neurodevelopmental disorder
birth defects
fetal alcohol syndrome

20th percentile
philithrum
upper lip
eye opening
space between eyes

dev. disability
ID
cognitive or behavioral problems or combo
drinking during pregnancy

Question 26

Fetal Cocaine Exposure:
diff. to determine because often in ?
disrupts region of brain assoc. with ? and negatively impacts ?
in infants: direct impact on ? processing and infants ?
persisten deficits in ?

Answer 26

conjunction
dopamine/ sustained attention and auditory processing
sensorineural processing/ overreact to stimuli

sustained attention and behavioral regulation

Question 27

Cocaine exposure: effects on comm. and lang.
varies with
infants overreact to ?
..more
habituate more
decreased ?

one year: poorer

can adversely impact dev. into later ? but varies on >

Answer 27

age
stimuli
startle more
slowly
auditory processing

aud. comprehension

childhood / birth weight, gender, amount of exposure

Question 28

Children with Late Language EmeregenceL
more than 90% begin using words by ?
10% begin

Criteria for LLE:
expressive vocal of less than and no ? by 24 months of age

Answer 28

18 months
talking later

50% / two word combos

Question 29

-single production followed by
used consistently to refer to
used with

Answer 29

vowel
pause
specific person, object action or situation
intent

Question 30

Risk factors for LLE
low
males more than
children with delayed

family factors:
family..
lower maternal and lower
late talkers more likely to have

Answer 30

birth weight
males than females
motor dev.

hx
education/ SES
siblings

Question 31

Characteristics of children with LLE:
prevalence:
slow to start talking but typical
can present with ?
more show delay in
if expressive only see delayed ? and slow development of ?
if mixed: delay in ?
most children with LLE mature out of

Answer 31

13%
dev.
expressive delays or mixed expressive receptive
expressive
delayed vocal acquisition and slow development of sentence structure and articulation
lang. comprehension and oral lang. production
difficulties

Question 32

Late talker or Late Bloomer: