Module 14 Flashcards
maturation
(nature) the orderly sequence of biological growth - decrees many of our commonalities, it sets the basic course of development
experience
(nurture) adjusts genes
where is the most rapid growth from ages 3-6
in your frontal lobes, which enables rational planning
what is the last cortical areas to develop
the brain’s association areas - those linked with thinking, memory, and language
what happens under the influence of adrenal hormones
tens of billions of synapses formed and organized while a use-it-or-lose-it pruning process was shutting down unused links
how is the sequence of motor development
motor development milestones is the same around the world, though babies reach them at varying ages
what is motor development
the developing brain enables physical coordination, skills emerge as infants exercise their maturing muscles and nervous system
what is the recommended position for infants to sleep
on their back
what did Jean Piaget study
he studied children’s cognition, all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information
what did Jean Piaget believe
he believed that children construct their understanding of the world while interacting with it
what are the 4 major stages that consisted in Piaget’s view of cognitive development
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
what happens in the sensorimotor stage
babies take in the world through their senses and actions through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping
object permanence
infants younger than 6 months seldom understand that things continue to exist when they are out of sight
egocentrism
our own point of view
theory of mind
the ability to see from another’s point of view
when did Piaget state that children entered the concrete operational stage
by about age 7 when they are given concrete materials they begin to grasp conservation
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
abstract thinking
involves imagined realities and symbols
scaffold
In Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
what is ASD marked by
deficient social communication and difficulty grasping other’s states of mind
what is stranger anxiety
a newly emerging ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening helps protect babies 8 months and older
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
sensitive, responsive mothers
those who noticed what their babies were doing and responded appropriately - had infants who exhibited secure attachment
insensitive, unresponsive mothers
mothers who attended to their babies when they felt like doing so but ignored them at other times - often had infants who were insecurely attached
what did Erik Erikson and Joan Erikson believe
they believed that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust
basic trust
a sense that the world is predictable and reliable
at about 6 months
children reach out to touch their mirror image as if it were another child
by 15 to 18 months
they begin to touch their own noses when they see the colored spot in the mirror
18 month olds
have a schema of how their face should look and they wonder what is a spot doing on my face
what are the 4 parenting styles
- authoritarian
- permissive
- negligent
- authoritative
