Module 12 Flashcards
how does experience influence development
our genes when expressed in specific environments, influence our developmental differences
peer influences in preschool
preschoolers who disdain a certain food often will eat that food if it is put at a table with a group of children who like it
peer influences in children
children who hear english spoken with one accent at home and another in the neighbourhood and at school will adopt the accent of their peers and not their parents
peer influences in teens
teens who start smoking typically have friends who model smoking, suggest its pleasures and offer cigarettes
culture
culture is the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
what does culture support
culture supports survival and reproduction by transmitting learned behaviors that give a group an edge, culture enables an efficient division of labor
do cultures differ
cultures change and vary, what is culturally appropriate in one area may not be in another
individualist
if you are an individualist you would have an independent sense of “me” and an awareness of your unique personal convictions and values
what do individualist’s prioritize
individualists prioritize personal goals, they define their identity mostly in terms of personal traits. they strive for personal control and individual achievement
individualist countries
the U.S, Canada, Brazil
collectivist countries
China, India, Nepal
child-raising practices in cultures
reflect not only individual values but also cultural values that vary across time and place
sex
in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
gender
in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman
what do the average male and female differ in
- aggression
- social power
- social connectedness
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
relational aggression
an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing
genetically
males and females have differing sex chromosomes
physiologically
males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones which trigger other anatomical differences
intersex
possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes
gender roles
the social expectations that guide our behavior as men or as women
how do we learn gender
a gender role describes how others expect us to think, feel, and act. our gender identity is our personal sense of being male, female, or occasionally some combination of the two
what does social learning theory assume
it assumes we acquire our identity in childhood, by observing and imitating other’s gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded or punished for acting in certain ways
sexual orientation
the direction of one’s sexual attraction
what is involved in the biopsychosocial approach to development
- biological
- psychological
- social-cultural
biological approach
influences include shared human genome, individual genetic variations, prenatal environment, and sex-related genes, hormones, and physiology
psychological approach
influences include gene-environment interaction, neurological effect of early experiences, responses evoked by our own temperament, gender etc, and beliefs, feelings and expectations
social-cultural approach
influences include parental influences, peer influences, cultural individualism or collectivism, and cultural gender norms
