Module 11: READINGS (3)

Question 1

What is Cleckley’s (16) criteria for psychopathy?

Answer 1

1. Superficial Charm
2. Lack of Anxiety
3. Unreliability
4. Deceitfulness
5. Failure to Learn from Punishment
6. Poverty of Affect and Emotional Bonds
7. Lack of Remorse
8. Lack of Insight
9. Egocentricity
10. Inadequately motivated
11. Antisocial behaviour
12. Failure to Plan Ahead

Question 2

What are the criteria for ASPD in the DSM-3?

6

Answer 2

Is characterised by a history of delinquent and irresponsible behaviours (prior to age 5) that endure into age adulthood.

(A) Emphasised Selfishness
(B) Irresponsibility
(C) Impulsivity
(D) Lack of Loyalty
(E) Lack of Remorse
(F) Failure to Learn from Punishment

*is a more behavioural based disorder

Question 3

Is having Antisocial PD a necessary diagnosis before you can be diagnosed with psychopathic personality diagnosis?

Answer 3

No.

Question 4

The PCL-R measures the ____ component or ___ dimension of psychopathy. In contrast, the DSM-3 measures the ___ component or ___ dimension of psychopathy.

Answer 4

PCL-R:
> Affective/Personality component
> Factor 1

DSM-3:
> Behavioural component
> Factor 2

Question 5

Are ASPD and psychopathy found in both men and women?

Answer 5

Yes, but they’re more prevalent in males than females.

Question 6

Are ASPD and psychopathy found in both men and women?

Answer 6

Yes, but they’re more prevalent in males than females.

Question 7

(3) Categorical and Dimensional sex differences in ASPD and Psychopathy?

Answer 7

> Men > Women in both categorical and dimensional
characterisations of ASPD and Psychopathy; in alcohol,
substance abuse, psychiatric settings and the general
population indicating men have a higher base rate than
women.
Prevalence rates of ASPD and PSychopathy are higher
in substance abuse settings relative to the general
population.
Mixed findings across studies in sex differences across
ASPD and Psychopathy may reflect variations in
helping behaviours or the measure used (i.e. self-
report or interview).

Question 8

(6) Sex Differences in Psychopathic Trait Manifestations?

Factor structure, higher prevalence in, intelligence, abuse history, predict, correlates with criminal behaviors

Answer 8

> No evidence to suggest that the factor structure of
psychopathy or correlates are different for men and
women.
Individuals with ASPD have a higher prevalence of
alcohol abuse and dependence than the general
population.
In Alcohol abuse population: ASPD, sex and
Neurological correlates-
(A) Intellegence:
- Men > Women on WAIS intellegence block design
scores.
- Women > Men on HRNT catergorical errors.
*preliminary evidence that men and women require
different forms of intellegence.
(B) Abuse: little evidence of behavioural, psychological
and abuse histories correlate with Psychopathy or
ASPD differ at all in males or females.
(C) Mixed evidence that ASPD predicts more alcoholism
in males or females.
(D) Mixed evidence that ASPD correlates with different
forms of criminal behaviours: unlawful behaviour and
traffic offences (men) and relationship difficulties
(women).

Question 9

(7) Sex Differences in Phenotypic Manifestations:

central tendencies and overt behaviours

Answer 9

*hypothesis that males and females have the same
underlying personality features but they’re overt
manifestations differ (same basic tendencies but
different characteristic adaptions).

> Somatic Disorder (SD) and Histrionic Personality
Disorder (HPD) covary
SD and HPD is more common in females than in males.

*ASPD, SD and HPD are theorized to have some of the
same underlying basic tendencies but the variations in
characteristic adaption due to biological sex means that
men are more likely to be diagnosed with ASPD and
women SD or HPD = sex diagnosis bias or difference in base rates.

> SD and HPD are female typed manifestations of
underlying psychopathic tendencies:
- ASPD prevalence is higher in SD women than non-SD
women. No difference for SD-men or non-SD men.
- SD prevalence in ASPD women is higher than non-
ASPD women. No difference for men.

> Behavioural tendencies of psychopathy are positively
correlated with somatic complaints in both men and
women, but stronger for women.

> ASPD men are more likely to act antisocially but ASPD
females are more likely to have a history of surgical
procedures.

> First-degree relatives with ASPD and SD increase the
risk of developing both personality traits by lowering
your threshold required to exceed before symptoms
present. In both men and women, but more severe for
women.

Question 10

Conduct Disorder:

Definition
Two main types
Prevalence
Link to ASPD

Answer 10

Before the age of 18, children with CD exhibit a pattern of violating others rights, actual or threatened harm to others, stealing or destroying property, deceitfulness and serious violation of rules.

Types of CD:

(A) Childhood Onset (before the age of 5)
(B) Adolescence Onset (after the age of 5)

Prevalence:

(A) Childhood-onset: No sex differences.
(B) Adolsecence-onset: Females > Males
(C) CD symptoms increase for both males and females in
adolescence i.e, very small sex difference (M > F).

ASPD:

Males exhibit more externalising symptoms (ASPD) and overt aggression (i.e., actual or threats of physical harm) and women exhibit more internalising symptoms (SD or HSPD) and relational aggression (i.e. bullying and rumour spreading).

Women have a delayed onset of ASPD, they take longer to exhibit symptoms than males.

Women with an early onset of ASPD tend to have the worst symptoms of antisocial behaviour than other ASPD’s.

Question 11

Should ASPD and Psychopathy diagnosis be different for men and women?

Answer 11

No evidence to suggest that this is necessary