Module 1.1 Flashcards
the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health (WHO,
1986).
Health promotion
behavioral social science that draws from the biological,
environmental, psychological, physical and medical
sciences to promote health and prevent disease, disability
and premature death through education-driven voluntary
behavior change activities.
Health promotion
the development of individual, group, institutional,
community and systemic strategies to improve health
knowledge, attitudes, skills and behavior
Health promotion
WHY IS HEALTH PROMOTION
IMPORTANT?
- Health promotion improves the health status of
individuals, families, communities, states, and
the nation. - Health promotion enhances the quality of life for
all people. - Health promotion reduces premature deaths.
- By focusing on prevention, health promotion
reduces the costs (both financial and human)
that individuals, employers, families, insurance
companies, medical facilities, communities, the
state and the nation would spend on medical
treatment
WHO definition on health promotion was ratified during the First
International Conference on Health Promotion
Ottawa, Canada.
The
Ottawa Charter recommends by five priority action areas in health
promotion, namely:
Priority Area 1: BUILDING HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
Priority Area 2: CREATIVE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS FOR
HEALTH
Priority Area 3 : STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY
ACTION FOR HEALTH
Priority Area 4: DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
Priority Area 5: RE- ORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
A document of tool used by different organizations to improve health in the community
Ottawa Charter for health promotion
Three (3) basic strategies of Ottawa Charter
- advocacy
- mediating
- enabling
Five (5) priority/action areas of Ottawa Charter
- Building healthy public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
- develop personal skills
- reorient health services
Basic strategies for health promotion
Involves speaking up for groups to gain support for a particular issue or concern.
Advocacy
Basic strategies for health promotion
Examples of Advocacy
- mass media campaigns
- lobbying politicians
- organizing pressure groups
Basic strategies for health promotion
Many groups in the community have their own interests and ideas on a particular health issue .
Conflict can occur. To resolve the conflict, reconciliation may be needed. This is where intersectoral collaboration takes place. Different groups work together to resolve the conflict.
Health promotion requires the coordinated action by all levels of government, the health sector, non-government organizations, industry and media.
Mediating
The Ottawa Charter identifies certain prerequisites or basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health are to occur.
- peace
- shelter
- income
- education
- food
- stable ecosystem
- social justice and equity
- sustainable resources
Provides resources for health - water, air, food - balance between landscapes and plants/animals
Stable Ecosystem
Refers to all people being valued and receiving fair treatment
Social Justice ad Equity
Resources such as food, water, fish, oil, timber. These must cause little or no damage to the environment - able to continue for a longer time
Sustainable Resources
defined
health promotion as the “science and art of helping
people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of
optimal health, which is a balance of physical,
emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health
(O’Donnell, 2009).
The American Journal of Health Promotion
defined health promotion as
“behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential”.
HEALTH PROMOTION - Pender et al (2006)
described a healthy
lifestyle as “patterns of behaviors that maximize one’s
quality of life and decrease one’s susceptibility to
negative outcomes”.
HEALTH PROMOTION - The 2000 Joint Committee of Health Education and
Promotion (Gold & Miner, 2002)
described a healthy
lifestyle as “patterns of behaviors that maximize one’s
quality of life and decrease one’s susceptibility to
negative outcomes”.
HEALTH PROMOTION
guide the
assessment, implementation and evaluation of health
promotion activities towards improving the quality of
life of individuals and communities.
Health promotion theories and models
focus on factors that exist or occur
within the individual, which include knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs, motivation, self-concept, developmental history,
past experience, and skills.
Intrapersonal theories
HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES AND MODELS
- Health Belief Model
- Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model
- Theory of Planned Behavior
I’m safe, I only have “clean” partners
Perceived Susceptibility
Having an STD may really affect me
Perceived Severity
TRANSTHEORETICAL
MODEL
The Stages of Change
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
-Action - Maintenance
Not aware that the change is made
Precontemplation
Begins to think about changing
Contemplation
Intends to take action
Preparation
Changed behavior is initiated
Action
Keeps up the desired behavior
Maintenance
Theory of Planned Behavior
- Subjective Norm
- Attitude
- Perceived behavioral Control
-Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
Positive or negative
Ex: Exercising will make me lose weight
Attitude
Theory of Planned Behavior
Approval or disapproval
Ex: My friends and family will be proud of me
Subjective Norm
Theory of Planned Behavior
hard or easy
Ex: I don’t have time
Perceived Behavioral Control
INTERPERSONAL THEORIES
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Health Promotion Model
Social Cognitive Theory
- BEHAVIOR -
- environmental factors
- personal factors
- behavioral factors
COMMUNITY LEVEL THEORIES AND MODEL
Community Organization Stages
- Community Analysis
- Design Initiation
- Implementation
- Maintenance consolidation
Dissemination-reassessment
Everett Rogers on Diffusion of Innovations
Theory
- ## Innovators
These are people who
want to be the first to try the
innovation. They are venturesome
and interested in new ideas. These
people are very willing to take risks,
and are often the first to develop new
ideas. Very little, if anything, needs to
be done to appeal to this population.
Innovators
These are people who
represent opinion leaders. They enjoy
leadership roles, and embrace change
opportunities. They are already aware of
the need to change and so are very
comfortable adopting new ideas.
Strategies to appeal to this population
include how-to manuals and information
sheets on implementation. They do not
need information to convince them to
change
Early Adopters
These people
are rarely leaders, but they do
adopt new ideas before the
average person. That said,
they typically need to see
evidence that the innovation
works before they are willing
to adopt it. Strategies to
appeal to this population
include success stories and
evidence of the innovation’s
effectiveness.
Early Majority
These people
are skeptical of change, and
will only adopt an innovation
after it has been tried by the
majority. Strategies to appeal
to this population include
information on how many
other people have tried the
innovation and have adopted
it successfully.
Late Majority
These people are
bound by tradition and very
conservative. They are very
skeptical of change and are
the hardest group to bring
on board. Strategies to
appeal to this population
include statistics, fear
appeals, and pressure from
people in the other adopter
groups.
Laggards
Theories and models are used in
program planning
to understand and explain health behavior and to
guide the identification, development, and
implementation of interventions
