Module 11-12

Question 1

Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side (t/f)

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _______ ______. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _______ ________

Answer 2

Tight junction, adhering junction

Question 3

Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems

Answer 3

Actin-filament based, intermediate filament based

Question 4

Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine

Answer 4

Pyloric sphincter

Question 5

Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut, also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers

Answer 5

(Picture on phone)

Question 6

List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous

Answer 6

Mucosa/ epithelial layer

Question 7

When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism?

Answer 7

Insulin released from the pancreas, send glucose channels to membrane, glucose enters cell through facilitated diffusion

Question 8

Vitamin k cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made?

Answer 8

Colon

Question 9

When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called ________ ________ _________

Answer 9

Essential amino acids

Question 10

Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption

Answer 10

Digestion is breaking down food into smaller chunks. Absorption is taking in nutrients across the epithelial barrier

Question 11

What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels?

Answer 11

Bile is made from cholesterol. Oatmeal is rich in fibers that attach to bile. Therefore, the bile does not get absorbed by the colon and exits the digestive system together. Because the body is losing bile, it needs to produce more, I.e. It has to take cholesterol from other parts of the body, which results in lowering cholesterol levels in the blood

Question 12

The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close of the tube. What are these called?

Answer 12

Upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter

Question 13

If something is called a vitamins it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet. (T/f)

Answer 13

True

Question 14

90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where?

Answer 14

Jejunum and ileum of small intestine

Question 15

In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas?

Answer 15

Both break down sugars, fatty acids, and proteins

Question 16

List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food

Answer 16

1) glycogen storage
2) fat storage
3) proteins (not a storage - only emergency)

Question 17

How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach?

Answer 17

By releasing bicarbonate ions, which neutralize pH to about 7.0-7.2

Question 18

Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile?

Answer 18

Intake of fat → cholecystokinin

Question 19

Name the main enzyme in the stomach

Answer 19

Pepsin

Question 20

The digestive track begins with the _______ and the first enzyme added is ______

Answer 20

Mouth, amylase