Module 10 A

Question 1

Chapter 3 module 10a

Question 2

Chronic Illness

Answer 2

❖ A broad term that encompasses many different physical
and mental alterations in health
❖ Usually has a slow onset and may have periods of
remission and exacerbation
❖ Examples: diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus

Question 3

Definitions of Health States

Answer 3

Health—a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
❖ Illness—the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
❖ Disease—medical term, referring to pathologic changes in
the structure or function of the body or mind
❖ Wellness—an active state of being healthy by living a
lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional
health

Question 4

Acute Illness

Answer 4

❖ Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a
relatively short time
❖ Examples: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, common
cold

Question 5

Characteristics of a Chronic Illness

Answer 5

❖ It is a permanent change.
❖ It causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in
normal anatomy and physiology.
❖ It requires special patient education for rehabilitation.
❖ It requires a long period of care or support.

Question 6

Stages of Illness Behavior

Answer 6

❖ Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms
❖ Stage 2: Assuming the sick role
❖ Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role
❖ Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation

Question 7

Factors Influencing Health Disparities

Answer 7

❖ Racial and ethnic groups
❖ Poverty
❖ Gender; age
❖ Mental health
❖ Educational level
❖ Disabilities
❖ Sexual orientation
❖ Health insurance and access to health care

Question 8

The Human Dimensions Affecting Health

Answer 8

❖ Physical dimension—genetic inheritance, age,
developmental level, race, and gender
❖ Emotional dimension—how the mind affects body
function and responds to body conditions
❖ Intellectual dimension—cognitive abilities, educational
background, and past experiences
❖ Environmental dimension—housing; sanitation; climate;
pollution of air, food, and water
❖ Sociocultural dimension—economic level, lifestyle, family,
and culture
❖ Spiritual dimension—spiritual beliefs and values

Question 9

❖ Physical dimension—

Answer 9

genetic inheritance, age,

developmental level, race, and gender

Question 10

Factors Affecting Health and Illness

Answer 10

❖ Basic human needs
❖ The human dimensions
❖ Self-concept
❖ Risk factors for illness or injury

Question 11

❖ Emotional dimension—

Answer 11

how the mind affects body
function and responds to body conditions

Question 12

❖ Intellectual dimension—

Answer 12

cognitive abilities, educational

background, and past experiences

Question 13

❖ Environmental dimension—

Answer 13

housing; sanitation; climate;

pollution of air, food, and water

Question 14

❖ Sociocultural dimension—

Answer 14

economic level, lifestyle, family,

and culture

Question 15

❖ Spiritual dimension—

Answer 15

spiritual beliefs and values

Question 16

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
#1

Answer 16

❖ Primary: directed toward promoting health and
preventing the development of disease processes or
injury.
o Examples are immunization clinics, family planning
services, poison-control information, and accident-
prevention education.
❖ Secondary: focus on screening for early detection of
disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any
found
o Examples are assessing children for normal growth
and development and encouraging regular medical,
dental, and vision examinations.

Question 17

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
#2

Answer 17

❖ Tertiary: begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated,
with the goal of reducing disability and helping
rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning
o Examples include teaching a patient with diabetes
how to recognize and prevent complications, using
physical therapy to prevent contractures in a patient
who has had a stroke or spinal cord injury, and
referring a woman to a support group after removal
of a breast because of cancer.

Question 18

Models of Health and Illness

Answer 18

❖ The health belief model
❖ The health promotion model
❖ The health–illness continuum
❖ The agent–host–environment model

Question 19

Agent–Host–Environment Model (Leavell

and Clark)

Answer 19

❖ Views the interaction between an external agent, a
susceptible host, and the environment as causes of
disease in a person.
❖ It is a traditional model that explains how certain factors
place some people at risk for an infectious disease.
❖ These three factors are constantly interacting, and a
combination of factors may increase the risk of illness.
❖ The use of this model is limited when dealing with
noninfectious diseases.

Question 20

The Health–Illness Continuum #1

Answer 20

❖ Conceptualizes a person’s level of health
❖ Views health as a constantly changing state with high-
level wellness and death on opposite sides of a
continuum
❖ Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of health as
a person adapts to changes in internal and external
environments to maintain a state of well being.

Question 21

The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)

Answer 21

❖ Concerned with what people perceive to be true about
themselves in relation to their health
❖ Modifying factors for health include demographic,
sociopsychological, and structural variables.
❖ Based on three components of individual perceptions of
threat of a disease
o Perceived susceptibility to a disease
o Perceived seriousness of a disease
o Perceived benefits of action

Question 22

The Health Promotion Model (Pender)

Answer 22

❖ Developed to illustrate how people interact with their
environment as they pursue health
❖ Incorporates individual characteristics and experiences
and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivate
health-promoting behavior
❖ Personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural factors
are predictive of a certain health-related habit.
❖ Health-related behavior is the outcome of the model and
is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes and
experiences throughout the lifespan.

Question 23

Risk Factors for Illness

Answer 23

❖ Age
❖ Genetic factors
❖ Physiologic factors
❖ Health habits
❖ Lifestyle
❖ Environment

Question 24

Chapter 4 Module 10A

Question 25

Meeting Basic Human Needs

Answer 25

People’s behaviors, feelings about self and others, values,
and priorities all relate to physiologic and psychosocial
needs.
These basic human needs are common to all people;
meeting these needs is essential for the health and
survival of all people.
A person can meet some needs independently, but most
needs require relationships and interactions with others
for partial or complete fulfillment.
Satisfying one’s needs often depends on the physical and
social environment, especially one’s family and
community.

Question 26

Characteristics of Basic Needs/Maslow

Answer 26

Their lack of fulfillment results in illness.
Their fulfillment helps prevent illness or signals health.
Meeting basic needs restores health.
Fulfillment of basic needs takes priority over other
satisfactions when unmet.
A person feels something is missing when a need is
unmet.
A person feels satisfaction when a need is met.

Question 27

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Answer 27

physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 28

Physiologic Needs

Answer 28

Oxygen: most essential
Water
Food
Elimination
Temperature
Sexuality
Physical activity
Rest

Question 29

Safety and Security Needs

Answer 29

Second in priority
Have both physical and emotional components
Being protected from potential or actual harm
Examples of interventions to meet these needs:
o Using proper hand hygiene to prevent infection
o Using electrical equipment properly
o Administering medications knowledgeably

Question 30

Love and Belonging Needs

Answer 30

Third priority needs, often called higher-level needs
Understanding and acceptance of others in both giving
and receiving love
The feeling of belonging to groups such as families,
peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community
Unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation
Example of interventions to meet these needs:
o Including family and friends in care of a patient
o Establishing a trusting nurse–patient relationship

Question 31

Self-Esteem Needs

Answer 31

Need for a person to feel good about oneself, to feel pride
and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that
others also respect and appreciate those
accomplishments
Positive self-esteem facilitates the person’s confidence
and independence
Factors affecting self-esteem:
o Role changes
o Body image changes

Question 32

Self-Actualization Needs

Answer 32

Acceptance of self and others as they are
Focus of interest on problems outside oneself
Ability to be objective
Feelings of happiness and affection for others
Respect for all people
Ability to discriminate between good and evil
Creativity as a guideline for solving problems and
pursuing interests

Question 33

Family Structures

Answer 33

Family: any group of people who live together and
depend on one another for physical, emotional, and
financial support
Nuclear family: traditional family; two parents and their
children
Extended family: includes aunts, uncles, and
grandparents
Blended family: two parents and their unrelated children
from previous relationships
Single-parent family: may be separated, divorced,
widowed, or never married

Question 34

Family Functions

Answer 34

Physical
Economic
Reproductive
Affective and coping
Socialization

Question 35

Family Stages

Answer 35

Couple and family with children
Family with adolescents and young adults
Family with middle-aged adults
Family with older adults

Question 36

Risk Factors for Altered Family Health

Answer 36

Lifestyle risk factors
Psychosocial risk factors
Environmental risk factors
Developmental risk factors
Biologic risks

Question 37

Community Factors Affecting Health

Answer 37

Social support systems
Community health care structure
Economic resources
Environmental factors

Question 38

Readiness for Enhanced Family Processes

Answer 38

Care plan that focuses on a pattern of family functioning
that is sufficient to support the well-being of family
members and can be strengthened.
For example, readiness to care for a loved one after
discharge

Question 39

Chapter 5 Module 10A

Question 40

Cultural Diversity

Answer 40

Varying cultures
Racial and ethnic origin
Religion
Physical size, age, and gender
Sexual orientation
Disability
Socioeconomic and occupational status
Geographical location

Question 41

Culture

Answer 41

Shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral
expectations
Provides social structure for daily living
Defines roles and interactions with others and in families
and communities
Apparent in the attitudes and institutions unique to the
culture

Question 42

Subculture

Answer 42

Large group of people who are members of a larger
cultural group
Members have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical
characteristics not common to the larger culture.

Question 43

Groups in Society

Answer 43

Dominant group (usually largest group)
o Group has the most authority to control values and
sanctions of society
Minority group (smaller group)
o A physical or cultural characteristic identifies the
people as different from dominant group.

Question 44

Cultural Definitions

Answer 44

Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
o Minorities living within a dominant group lose the
characteristics that made them different.
o Values replaced by those of dominant culture
Culture shock
o The feelings a person experiences when placed in a
different culture
o May result in psychological discomfort or
disturbances.

Question 45

Ethnicity

Answer 45

Sense of identification with a collective cultural group
Largely based on group’s common heritage
One can belong to an ethnic group through birth or
adoption of characteristics of that group.
Groups share unique cultural and social beliefs and
behavior patterns.
Largely develops through day-to-day life with family and
friends within the community

Question 46

Race

Answer 46

Typically based on specific characteristics
o Skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair
texture
Five major categories:
o American Indian or Alaska Native
o Asian
o Black or African American
o Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
o White

Question 47

Stereotyping

Answer 47

The assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic
group act alike
May be positive or negative
o Negative includes racism, ageism, and sexism

Question 48

Cultural Terminology

Answer 48

Cultural imposition
o Belief that everyone should conform to the majority
belief system
Cultural blindness
o Ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not
exist

Question 49

Culture Conflict

Answer 49

People become aware of differences and feel threatened.
Response—ridiculing beliefs and traditions of others to
make themselves feel more secure

Question 50

Ethnocentrism

Answer 50

Belief that one’s ideas, beliefs, and practice are the best

or superior or are most preferred to those of others

Question 51

Cultural Influences on Health Care

Answer 51

Physiologic variations
Reactions to pain
Mental health
Gender roles
Language and communication
Orientation to space and time
Food and nutrition
Family support
Socioeconomic factors

Question 52

Culturally Competent Nursing Care—

Patient in Pain

Answer 52

Recognize that each person holds various beliefs about
pain and that pain is what the patient says it is.
Respect the patient’s right to respond to pain in one’s
own fashion.
Never stereotype a patient’s responses to pain based on
the patient’s culture.
Be sensitive to nonverbal signals of discomfort, such as
holding or applying pressure to the painful area or
avoiding activities that intensify the pain.

Question 53

The Culture of Poverty

Answer 53

Feelings of despair, resignation, and fatalism
Day-to-day attitude toward life; no hope for future
Unemployment and need for financial or government aid
Unstable family structure; possibly characterized by
abusiveness and abandonment
Decline in self-respect and retreat from community
involvement

Question 54

Elements of Cultural Competence

Answer 54

Developing self-awareness
Demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a
patient’s culture
Accepting and respecting cultural differences
Not assuming that the health care provider’s beliefs and
values are the same as the client’s
Resisting judgmental attitudes such as “different is not as
good”
Being open to and comfortable with cultural encounters
Accepting responsibility for one’s own cultural
competency

Question 55

Guidelines for Providing Culturally

Competent Nursing Care

Answer 55

Develop cultural self-awareness.
Develop cultural knowledge.
Accommodate cultural practices in health care.
Respect culturally based family roles.
Avoid mandating change.
Seek cultural assistance.

Question 56

Transcultural Assessment

Answer 56

 What language does the patient speak during usual activities of daily
living?
 How well does the patient speak and write in English?
 Does the patient need an interpreter? Are family members or friends
available? Are there people the patient would not want to serve as an
interpreter?
 How does the patient prefer to be addressed?
 What cultural values and beliefs of the patient (such as eye contact,
personal space, or social taboos) may change your techniques of
communication and care?
 How does the patient’s nonverbal behavior affect the responses of
members of the health care team?
 What are the cultural characteristics of the patient’s communications
with others?

Question 57

Chapter 3, 4 & 5 Learning Objectives

Health & Wellness / Care for Families / Cultural Competence

Answer 57

● Discuss the concepts of health, wellness, disease and illness
● Identify factors affecting health and illness
● Explain the levels of preventive care
● Describe the role of the nurse in promoting health and preventing illness
● Discuss the concepts of family
● Create a care plan: Readiness for enhanced family processes
● Discuss the concepts of cultural diversity and respect
● Discuss the various cultural influences affecting health care
● Explain guidelines for performing a transcultural assessment

Question 58

The end for module. 10A

Answer 58

yayyyy

Question 59

Chapter 3,4,5 notes 📝

Question 60

Definitions of Health States/Name

the Term

Answer 60

• A medical term, referring to pathologic changes in the structure or
function of the body or mind
• An active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good
physical, mental, and emotional health