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DMST 265 Vascular Sonography 1 > Module 1 Venous Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 1 Venous Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

A network of blood vessels that the transport nutrients, hormones, etc. to and from the heart

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2
Q

What is the circulatory system comprised of? 5

A
  1. Heart
  2. Arteries and arterials
  3. Veins and venues
  4. Capillaries
  5. Blood
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3
Q

The right side of the (pulmonary) circulation has what kind of flow? As a result how did the walls seem?

A

Little resistance to flow, so the walls of the right ventricle are thinner

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4
Q

The left side of the (pulmonary) circulation has greater what?

A

Peripheral resistance so the left ventricular walls are more muscular

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5
Q

What is the pressure system of the arteries and arterials? And what is the volume?

A
  1. High pressure system
  2. Low volume
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6
Q

What is the pressure system of the veins and venues ? What is the volume?

A
  1. Low pressure system
  2. High volume
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7
Q

What do the capillaries do?

A

Exchange between blood and tissue

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8
Q

Veins are capacitance vessels that hold how much blood volume?

A

2/3 of blood volume

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9
Q

What are considered a low pressure blood reservoir and what does it do?

A

Veins, and they return blood to the heart

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10
Q

What are vena combatants?

A

Veins are often paired in the extremities and accompany an artery

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11
Q

What two things controls the resistance of flow in the arteriole side? And what does it help regulate?

A
  1. Muscular arterioles
  2. Precapillary sphincters
  3. The helps regulate the pressure in the arterial tree
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12
Q

Lymph capillaries coexist with what? And what does it do?

A
  1. Blood capillaries
  2. They exchange anything from liquid to cells. They “mop up” or absorb excessive fluid like with interstitial edema
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13
Q

Single celled capillary walls help do what?

A

Exchange nutrients and gasses

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14
Q

Average total blood in the adult body?

A

5L

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15
Q

Blood is formed of what?

A
  1. Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
  2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  3. Platelets
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16
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

Network of tiny vessels that supply the walls of large veins and arteries with nutrients and oxygen

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17
Q

Veins have 3 layers what are they?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
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18
Q

The number of valves increase as what?

A

Distance from the heart increases

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19
Q

Valves allow for what? Where are there more valves?

A

One way flow and present with greater numbers in the upper and lower extremities

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20
Q

Valves in the Intimal layer usually consist of how many leaflets?

A

Bicuspid

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21
Q

What is reflux blood?

A

Fills the pockets behind the leaflets causing them to close and stop the reversed flow

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22
Q

Where are valves in the veins usually found?

A

Where a tributary joins a larger vein and at intervals along main veins

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23
Q

What are three different types of veins/

A
  1. Deep
  2. Superficial
  3. Perforators
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24
Q

Deep veins are surrounded by what? They are usually accompanied by what? Calf veins are special how?

A
  1. Surrounded by muscles
  2. Have an accompanying artery
  3. Calf veins are duplicated
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25
Q

What does the internal iliac veins drain?

A

Pelvic viscera and muscles

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26
Q

What does the external iliac veins drain?

A

Leg

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27
Q

Where is the Common iliac vein seen at? What is it formed by?

A

The level of the sacroiliac joints and are formed by the confluence internal and external iliac veins

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28
Q

External iliac vein becomes the common femoral vein where?

A

Inguinal ligament

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29
Q

Pop vein is formed by the confluence of what? 3

A
  1. Anterior tibial veins
  2. Tibioperoneal trunk
  3. Perineal veins
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30
Q

What is the anterior tibial vein (ATV)? Where is it located? What does it join?

A
  1. Pedal vein in foot
  2. Between the tibia and fibula
  3. Joins the tibial trunk
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31
Q

Where is the Tibioperoneal trunk found? What two things does it consist of?

A

Found along medial calf and consists of the
1. Posterior tibial veins
2. Medial and lateral plantar veins

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32
Q

What are the Peroneal veins (Peroneal veins)? Where is it found?

A
  1. Lateral Calf
  2. Behind fibula
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33
Q

What are the Soleal sinuses?

A

Thick walled venous reservoirs within the soleal muscle

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34
Q

What does the Soleal Sinuses empty into?

A

Posterior tibial veins and peroneal veins

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35
Q

Soleal sinuses do not contain what? What does this lead to?

A

Venous valves and are a frequent site of thrombosis

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36
Q

Where are Lower extremity superficial veins located? 2

A
  1. Near the skin surface
  2. Superficial to muscle
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37
Q

What does the Lower extremity superficial veins help the body to do?

A

Helps regulate body temperature

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38
Q

Does the Lower extremity superficial veins have a corresponding artery?

A

No

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39
Q

What structures are included in the Lower extremity superficial veins? 2

A
  1. GSV
  2. SSV
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40
Q

What is the GSV?

A

Longest vein in the body (long saphenous)

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41
Q

Where is the GSV located?

A

In the lower extremities medial malleolus to groin

42
Q

What does the GSV insert into?

A

CFV and is 4 cm inferior to inguinal ligament

43
Q

What is the vein system is GSV connected to?

A

It is a superficial system that is connected to the deep system via perforators

44
Q

What is the small saphenous vein (SSV)?

A

Lesser saphenous/ short saphenous vein

45
Q

What does the small saphenous vein empty into?

A

Popliteal vein posteriorly

46
Q

Where is the small saphenous vein located? (Calf and lateral malleolus)

A
  1. Posterior calf
  2. Lateral and posterior to lateral malleolus
47
Q

Does the small saphenous vein connect to the GSV?

A

Yes, through numerous tributaries

48
Q

What is popliteal fossa variant?

A

High confluence of the Anterior tibial vein

49
Q

What is the duplication variant in the lower extremity? 2

A
  1. Deep veins in the thigh are duplicated in up to 25% of patients.
  2. Duplication may be segmental or unilateral (femoral vein and popliteal vein)
50
Q

What are perforators? How does it help the skin level?

A
  1. Connect deep and superficial system
  2. Keep blood from pooling at skin level
51
Q

Perforators are assessed for what?

A

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

52
Q

What are perforating veins?

A

Veins connecting the superficial to deep vein system

53
Q

What directions can perforating veins travel?

A

If functioning properly superficial to deep only!

54
Q

What are major perforators in the lower extremity?

A
  1. Dodd’s
  2. Boyd’s
  3. Cockett’s
55
Q

Where is Dodd’s perforators located? Distance from knee? What are they called normally?

A
  1. Medial thigh
  2. Hand width above knee
  3. “Thigh perforators”
56
Q

Where is the Boyd’s perforating veins located? Distance from knee? What are they called?

A
  1. Medial calf
  2. Immediately below knee
  3. “knee perforators”
57
Q

Where is Cockett’s perforating veins located? What are they called?

A
  1. Medial lower third of calf
  2. “Ankle perforators”
58
Q

What is the largest vein in the head and neck?

A

Internal jugular vein

59
Q

What are the dural sinuses?

A
  1. Chambers between the dura matter
60
Q

What does the dural sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular veins

61
Q

Are the deep veins in the upper extremities paired?

A
  1. Often paired
  2. Accompanied by an artery of the same name
62
Q

What do the superficial veins of the upper extremities do? Do they have an accompanying artery?

A
  1. Join with deep veins
  2. Does not have an accompany artery
63
Q

Where are the superficial veins of the upper extremity located?

A

Closer to the skin surface

64
Q

The primary route of venous drainage of the upper extremities are what?

A

Through the superficial system

65
Q

What are the UE deep veins? 8

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Innominate (RT and LT)
  3. Internal Jugular (IJV)
  4. Subclavian (SCV)
  5. Axillary
  6. Brachial (2)
  7. Radial (2)
  8. Ulnar (2)
66
Q

What is the cephalic vein?

A

Upper extremity superficial vein that joins the axillary veins and forms the Subclavian vein

67
Q

What kind of vein is the median cubital vein? What is it a tributary of? Where is it located?

A
  1. Upper extremity superficial vein
  2. Tributary of the cephalic vein
  3. Located near the elbow
68
Q

What does the basilic vein join? Where is it located?

A
  1. joins the brachial vein and axillary vein
  2. Medial bicep and forearm
69
Q

What does the basilic vein form in the hand?

A

The medial dorsal arch of the hand

70
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

1.Largest vein in the body

71
Q

Where does the IVC taper off?

A

At the union of common iliac veins at the L5

72
Q

How does the IVC course? Through what?

A

Superiorly through the retroperitoneum

73
Q

What is the location of the IVC and the liver?

A

Posterior

74
Q

What is the superior path of the IVC?

A

Passes through the diaphragm and enters the Right atrium

75
Q

What is the renal veins?

A

Drain from the hilum of each kidney

76
Q

Where is the Renal veins located in relation to the renal artery?

A

Anterior to the artery

77
Q

Which renal vein is shorter?

A

Right renal vein is shorter and travels more inferiorly than the left

78
Q

The Left renal vein travels posterior to what,? And anterior to what?

A

The SMA and anterior to aorta

79
Q

What are the hepatic veins?

A
  1. Short veins (right, middle, and left ) that drains the liver
  2. Empties into the IVC just below the diaphragm
80
Q

What does the right and left hepatics do?

A

Drain the right and left lobes of the liver

81
Q

What does the middle hepatic vein do?

A
  1. Drains the middle segment of the left lobe
  2. Drains the anterior segment if the right lobe
82
Q

What is the portal system?

A
  1. Venous system
  2. Returns blood for blood and spleen
83
Q

Is the portal system part of the venous circulation?

A

No it is separate

84
Q

What substances does the portal system contain?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

85
Q

How much blood flow does the portal system deliver to the liver?

A

3/4

86
Q

What structures are included in the portal system? 4

A
  1. Main portal vein (MPV)
  2. Superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
  3. Splenic vein (SV)
  4. Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)
87
Q

Where does the main portal vein form?

A

Posterior to the neck of the pancreas
Confluence of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

88
Q

How long is the main portal vein?

A
  1. 5.5 - 8 cm in length
  2. 1 cm in diameter
89
Q

Where is the Main portal vein located?

A

Posterior to the first portion of the duodenum to the porta hepatis

90
Q

What does the main portal vein divide into?

A

Left and right branches

91
Q

What vessels does the main portal vein receive?

A

LT and RT gastric veins

92
Q

What does the left portal vein receive?

A

Paraumbilical vein

93
Q

Where does the SMV originate?

A

Root of the mesentery

94
Q

Where is the SMV located?

A

In front of the 3rd portion of the duodenum and uncinate process

95
Q

Where is the SMV located in relation to the SMA?

A

Parallel and to the left

96
Q

Where does the splenic vein border?

A

The posterior surface of the pancreatic body and tail

97
Q

What veins empties into the splenic vein? 2

A
  1. Gastroepiploic vein
  2. Short gastric vein
98
Q

What does the splenic vein join with?

A

The SMV to form the MPV

99
Q

Where is the Splenic vein located in the abdomen?

A

Medial and superior in the abdomen

100
Q

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein start?

A

Begins midway down the anal canal as the superior rectal vein

101
Q

Where does the IMV run? What does it join?

A

Up the posterior abdominal wall on the left side and joins the splenic vein behind the pancreas

102
Q

Is the IMV easy to recognize on U/S?

A

No, because of two things
1. Anatomic location
2. Small diameter

DMST 265 Vascular Sonography 1 (19 decks)

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