Module 1 Unit 1 - Concepts of Health and Disease Flashcards
Pathophysiology
The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects that these changes have on total body function
Health
(WHO) defined health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Social Determinants
- Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
- Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities.
- Promote good health for all.
- Promote healthy behaviors across the life span
Disease
An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems
Etiology
The causes of disease
Congenital Conditions
are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest.
Acquired Defects
are those that are caused by events that occur after birth.
Pathogenesis
explains how the disease process evolves. In other words, pathogenesis is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease.
Morphology:
refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
Morphologic changes
are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease.
Histology
deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. The most common method used in the study of tissues is the preparation of histologic sections—thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs—that can be examined with the aid of a microscope.
Lesion
a pathologic or traumatic change of an organ or tissue.
Signs and Symptoms:
Signs and symptoms are terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease.
Symptom:
is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder,
Sign
is a manifestation that is noted by an observer.
Complication
adverse extension of a disease or outcome from treatment
Sequelae:
Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.
Diagnosis
is the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and diagnostic tests
History
is used to obtain a person’s account of their symptoms and their progression and the factors that contribute to a diagnosis.
Physical Exam (PE)
is done to observe for signs of altered body structure or function.; may also identify problems not obtained in history.
Laboratory/diagnostic tests
ordered to validate/confirm what is thought to be the problem – not to make a diagnosis
Validity:
refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.
Reliability:
refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
Depends upon the skill of the person measuring as well.
Sensitivity
refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (called a true positive result)
Specificity
refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (called a true negative result)
Clinical Course:
describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic course.
Acute disorder
is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies a continuous, long-term process.
Chronic disease
can run a continuous course or can present with exacerbations (aggravation of symptoms and severity of the disease) and remissions (a period during which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms).
Subacute disease
is intermediate or between acute and chronic. It is not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease.
Preclinical
the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease.
(No symptom → Disease)
Subclinical
is not clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically apparent. It is diagnosed with antibody or culture tests.
(No symptom → No noted disease)
Clinical Disease:
is manifested by signs and symptoms. A persistent chronic infectious disease persists for years, sometimes for life.
Carrier Status:
refers to a person who harbors an organism but is not infected, as evidenced by antibody response or clinical manifestations. This person still can infect others. Carrier status may be of limited duration or it may be chronic, lasting for months or years.
Chronic carrier duration:
Persistent duration
Limited carrier duration:
Persistent but resolves in time
Epidemiology
the study of disease occurrence in human populations.
Epidemiology focuses on which things?
Patterns, demographics, control, prevention, elimination, spread, natural history,
Incidence
reflects the number of NEW CASES of a particular illness during a specified time for a population at risk that doesn’t have the disease.
Prevalence
reflects the number of EXISTING CASES in a population at a given point in time. This is not an estimate of risk.
Morbidity:
describes the effect of an illness - concerned with occurrence, incidence, persistence, & long term consequences.
Mortality
provides information about cause of death in a GIVEN POPULATION
Cross-sectional studies:
Look at two different populations, one exposed and one not exposed to a particular factor.
Case-control studies
Compares groups with interventions (case group) and those without interventions (control group)
Cohort studies
longitudinal in nature, comparing groups with similar characteristics with the population in general.
Natural History of a Disease
refers to the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention
Prognosis
likelihood of recovery from a disease.
Primary Prevention
Removing risk factors so disease does not occur.
(e.g., immunizations)
Secondary Prevention
Detecting disease when still curable.
(e.g., Pap smears)
Tertiary Prevention
Preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease.
(e.g., antibiotic use)
Evidenced Based Practice:
Based on the integration of individual clinical expertise of the practitioner WITH the best external clinical evidence from systematic research
Homeostasis
the purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Operate via negative feedback.
