Module 1 Unit 1 - Concepts of Health and Disease

Question 1

Pathophysiology

Answer 1

The study of the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects that these changes have on total body function

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

(WHO) defined health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Question 3

Social Determinants

Answer 3

• Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
• Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities.
• Promote good health for all.
• Promote healthy behaviors across the life span

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems

Question 5

Etiology

Answer 5

The causes of disease

Question 6

Congenital Conditions

Answer 6

are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest.

Question 7

Acquired Defects

Answer 7

are those that are caused by events that occur after birth.

Question 8

Pathogenesis

Answer 8

explains how the disease process evolves. In other words, pathogenesis is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease.

Question 9

Morphology:

Answer 9

refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.

Question 10

Morphologic changes

Answer 10

are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease.

Question 11

Histology

Answer 11

deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. The most common method used in the study of tissues is the preparation of histologic sections—thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs—that can be examined with the aid of a microscope.

Question 12

Lesion

Answer 12

a pathologic or traumatic change of an organ or tissue.

Question 13

Signs and Symptoms:

Answer 13

Signs and symptoms are terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease.

Question 14

Symptom:

Answer 14

is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder,

Question 15

Sign

Answer 15

is a manifestation that is noted by an observer.

Question 16

Complication

Answer 16

adverse extension of a disease or outcome from treatment

Question 17

Sequelae:

Answer 17

Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.

Question 18

Diagnosis

Answer 18

is the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem

The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and diagnostic tests

Question 19

History

Answer 19

is used to obtain a person’s account of their symptoms and their progression and the factors that contribute to a diagnosis.

Question 20

Physical Exam (PE)

Answer 20

is done to observe for signs of altered body structure or function.; may also identify problems not obtained in history.

Question 21

Laboratory/diagnostic tests

Answer 21

ordered to validate/confirm what is thought to be the problem – not to make a diagnosis

Question 22

Validity:

Answer 22

refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 23

Reliability:

Answer 23

refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.
Depends upon the skill of the person measuring as well.

Question 24

Sensitivity

Answer 24

refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (called a true positive result)

Question 25

Specificity

Answer 25

refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (called a true negative result)

Question 26

Clinical Course:

Answer 26

describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic course.

Question 27

Acute disorder

Answer 27

is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies a continuous, long-term process.

Question 28

Chronic disease

Answer 28

can run a continuous course or can present with exacerbations (aggravation of symptoms and severity of the disease) and remissions (a period during which there is a decrease in severity and symptoms).

Question 29

Subacute disease

Answer 29

is intermediate or between acute and chronic. It is not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease.

Question 30

Preclinical

Answer 30

the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease.
(No symptom → Disease)

Question 31

Subclinical

Answer 31

is not clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically apparent. It is diagnosed with antibody or culture tests.
(No symptom → No noted disease)

Question 32

Clinical Disease:

Answer 32

is manifested by signs and symptoms. A persistent chronic infectious disease persists for years, sometimes for life.

Question 33

Carrier Status:

Answer 33

refers to a person who harbors an organism but is not infected, as evidenced by antibody response or clinical manifestations. This person still can infect others. Carrier status may be of limited duration or it may be chronic, lasting for months or years.

Question 34

Chronic carrier duration:

Answer 34

Persistent duration

Question 35

Limited carrier duration:

Answer 35

Persistent but resolves in time

Question 36

Epidemiology

Answer 36

the study of disease occurrence in human populations.

Question 37

Epidemiology focuses on which things?

Answer 37

Patterns, demographics, control, prevention, elimination, spread, natural history,

Question 38

Incidence

Answer 38

reflects the number of NEW CASES of a particular illness during a specified time for a population at risk that doesn’t have the disease.

Question 39

Prevalence

Answer 39

reflects the number of EXISTING CASES in a population at a given point in time. This is not an estimate of risk.

Question 40

Morbidity:

Answer 40

describes the effect of an illness - concerned with occurrence, incidence, persistence, & long term consequences.

Question 41

Mortality

Answer 41

provides information about cause of death in a GIVEN POPULATION

Question 42

Cross-sectional studies:

Answer 42

Look at two different populations, one exposed and one not exposed to a particular factor.

Question 43

Case-control studies

Answer 43

Compares groups with interventions (case group) and those without interventions (control group)

Question 44

Cohort studies

Answer 44

longitudinal in nature, comparing groups with similar characteristics with the population in general.

Question 45

Natural History of a Disease

Answer 45

refers to the progression and projected outcome of the disease without medical intervention

Question 46

Prognosis

Answer 46

likelihood of recovery from a disease.

Question 47

Primary Prevention

Answer 47

Removing risk factors so disease does not occur.
(e.g., immunizations)

Question 48

Secondary Prevention

Answer 48

Detecting disease when still curable.
(e.g., Pap smears)

Question 49

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 49

Preventing further deterioration or reducing complications of disease.
(e.g., antibiotic use)

Question 50

Evidenced Based Practice:

Answer 50

Based on the integration of individual clinical expertise of the practitioner WITH the best external clinical evidence from systematic research

Question 51

Homeostasis

Answer 51

the purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Operate via negative feedback.