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CC Lecture > Module 1 Unit 1: Bilirubin > Flashcards

Module 1 Unit 1: Bilirubin Flashcards

1
Q

The liver is divided into 2 unequal lobes by the

A

Falciform ligament

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2
Q

Functional units of the liver

A

Lobules/Acini

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3
Q

Specialized epithelial cells located in lobules

A

Hepatocytes

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4
Q

Liver lobules are centered around _____, which are interconnecting loose bands that contain branches of the PORTAL VEIN, HEPATIC ARTERY, and BILE DUCT

A

Porta triads

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5
Q

Supplies the liver oxygen-rich blood

A

Hepatic artery

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6
Q

Supplies the liver deoxygenated blood containing nutrients, drugs, and possibly microbes and toxins from GIT and spleen

A

Hepatic portal vein

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7
Q

Capillary-like vessels lined by fenestrated endothelial cells

A

Sinusoids

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Lobules take up most of the oxygen, nutrients, and certain toxic substances.

A

False; Hepatocytes

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9
Q

Small grooves between adjacent hepatocytes

A

Canaliculi

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10
Q

Organ located posteriorly in the surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

Bile is a yellow-brownish liquid that has a pH of

A

7.6 - 8.6

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12
Q

Carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage

A

Bile duct

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13
Q

Contain lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes that can breakdown phagocytized worn-out blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign matter

A

Kupffer cells

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14
Q

Secrete interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, collagenase, prostaglandins, and other factors involved in the inflammatory response

A

Kupffer cells

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15
Q

Space between the endothelial lining of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes within a small cleft

A

Space of Disse

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16
Q

Lie in the Space of Disse; synthesizes nitric oxide

A

Stellate/Ito cells

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17
Q

Stellate cells transform into ______ when stimulated by injury

A

Collagen-forming cells

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18
Q

Believed to be liver stem cells involved in the regeneration of hepatocytes and bile ducts after liver injury

A

Oval cells

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19
Q

Major metabolite of heme

A

Bilirubin

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20
Q

Normal daily production of bilirubin

A

250-350 mg

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21
Q

85% of bilirubin is derived from the turnover of

A

Senescent RBCs

22
Q

15% of bilirubin is produced from ______ destroyed in the bone marrow and the catabolism of other heme-containing proteins

A

RBC precursors

23
Q

Senescent RBCs are destroyed in the spleen through phagocytosis by the

A

Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages)

24
Q

Destruction of senescent RBCs release

A

Methemoglobin

25
Q

Methemoglobin splits into

A

Globin and Heme

26
Q

Oxidation of the porphyrin ring of heme by microsomal heme oxygenase produces ______ and releases _______

A

Biliverdin, Iron

27
Q

Biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin by _______ in the presence of NADPH

A

Biliverdin reductase

28
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin binds to a soluble carrier protein called

A

Ligandin or Y protein

29
Q

Ligandin transports unconjugated bilirubin to the

A

Smooth ER

30
Q

Enzyme used in the esterification of the propionic acid side chain of unconjugated bilirubin with glucuronic acid

A

Uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT)

31
Q

Refers to a group of 3 colorless tetrapyrroles compound

A

Urobilinogens

32
Q

Urobilinogens: 1. ______ 2. _______ 3. _______

A
  1. Stercobilinogen
  2. Mesobilinogen
  3. Urobilinogen
33
Q

Oxidation product of Stercobilinogen

A

Stercobilin

34
Q

Oxidation product of Mesobilinogen

A

Mesobilin

35
Q

Oxidation product of Urobilinogen

A

Urobilin

36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The oxidation products of urobilinogens are pigments that give the stool its orange-brown color.

A

True

37
Q

__% of urobilinogen is reabsorbed from the intestine and enters the enterohepatic circulation

A

20%

38
Q

2-5% of urobilinogen enters the circulation and appears in the _____

A

Urine

39
Q

Major fraction of glucuronides

A

Diglucuronide

40
Q

Minor fraction of glucuronides

A

Monoglucuronide

41
Q

Mechanism; substances absorbed in the GIT must pass through the liver first

A

First pass mechanism

42
Q

A polar and water-soluble compound that is found in the plasma in the free state

A

Conjugated bilirubin

43
Q

Half-life is less than 24 hours

A

Conjugated bilirubin

44
Q

Occurs in the cis form and reacts with diazo reagent WITHOUT an accelerator

A

Conjugated bilirubin

45
Q

Occurs in the trans form and reacts with diazo reagent WITH an acceleration

A

Unconjugated bilirubin

46
Q

Half-life is less than 12 hours

A

Unconjugated bilirubin

47
Q

CAN cross the blood-brain barrier

A

Unconjugated bilirubin

48
Q

A type of conjugated bilirubin covalently bound to albumin

A

Delta bilirubin

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Delta bilirubin can only be seen when there is a significant hepatic obstruction

A

True

50
Q

Half-life: 17-20 days

A

Delta bilirubin

CC Lecture (4 decks)

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