module 1 pt 3 Flashcards by Allyxa Oyangoren

What is the function of blood

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and
waste

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a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles’ ability to contract.

muscle tissue

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Muscle tissue is formed during embryonic
development through a process known as ______.

myogenesis

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3 types of muscle tissues

-Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
-Smooth muscle

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Functions of muscle: what type of muscle is responsible for movement

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

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Functions of muscle: what type of muscle is responsible for stability

skeletal muscle

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Functions of muscle: what type of muscle is responsible for communication

skeletal muscle

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Functions of muscle: what type of muscle is responsible for controlling body openings and passages

skeletal and smooth muscles

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Functions of muscle: what type of muscle is responsible for heat production

skeletal muscles

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what are the properties of muscles

-Excitability
-Conductivity
-Contractility
-Extensibility able to stretch between contractions.
-Elasticity

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property of muscles that respond to chemical, mechanical or electrical
stimuli.

excitability

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property of muscles that initiate events that leads to contraction

conductivity

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property of muscle that has the ability to shorten substantially

contractility

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property o muscles that able to stretch between contractions

extensibility

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Property of muscle that has the ability to return to original length after stretching

elasticity

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Cells in this muscle are long and cylindrical in shape and multi-nucleated

skeletal muscles

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3 contractile proteins in skeletal muscle

actin, myosin and tinin

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Regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle

troponin and tropomyosin

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A muscle in which cross-striations are present

skeletal muscle

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what is a sacromere

contractile unit of skeletal muscle and defined as the distance between 2 “Z” discs.

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types of muscle fibers

whole muscle fiber and single muscle fiber

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composed of bundles of myofilaments

myofibril

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areolar CT covering each muscle fiber and binding it to its neighbors.

Endomysium

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What is Perimysium

dense irregular CT covering muscle fascicles

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bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

Fascicles

covering of dense irregular CT surrounding the entire muscle.

Epimysium

Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Arrangements: thick in the middle and taper at the ends

fusiform

Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Arrangements: muscle fibers are all parallel

parallel

Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Arrangements: pennate

fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon (feather shaped)

Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Arrangements: spread out as a fan or converge to a point

convergent

Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Arrangements: muscle fibers arranged concentrically

circular

What are the 5 skeletal muscle fascicle arrangements?

-fusiform -parallel -pennate -convergent -circular

What are the 7 functional groups in muscle tissue

agonist antagonist origin synergists fixators insertion

Functional groups in muscle tissue: muscle whose contraction is responsible for a particular movement

prime mover or agonist

muscle whose action opposes that of the prime mover or agonist

antagonist

point of attachment where least movement occurs

Origin

what is a synergists muscle tissue

muscles that assist the movement of the prime mover or agonist

this stabilize the origin of the prime mover so it can move more efficiently

fixators

point of attachment with greatest movement

insertion

What in an intrinsic muscle and an extrinisic muscle

Intrinsic muscles are localized to a specific area (i.e. hand, tongue, back, etc.). They function and are contained only within that area. Extrinsic muscles extend into other areas and are responsible for movements of areas other than where they are attached.

This is initiated by an action potential (nerve impulse) and followed by the release a chemical neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

contraction

type of muscle contraction that is controlled by a nerve impulse (action potential) transmitted by the motor nerve from the brain or spinal cord

Skeletal muscle contraction

What is a motor

a unit consists of all the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.

what is acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

It is a functional connection between a nerve fiber and its target cell.

synapse

this is a synapse between a motor nerve and a muscle fiber.

Neuromuscular junction

bulbous swelling at the end of a motor nerve above the motor end plate on the muscle fiber

Synaptic knob, terminal or bouton

gap between the synaptic knob and the motor end plate

synaptic cleft

small packets of neurotransmitter chemical (e.g. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, etc.)

synaptic vesicles

This is based on the biochemical process for making ATP and how fast the fibers contract

fiber type

What are the 3 fiber types

-Red or slow oxidative fibers [dark staining (R)] -Intermediate or Fast oxidative fibers [lighter (I) staining) -Fast glycolytic fibers [white (W) or non staining]

A muscle tissue known an myocardium

Cardiac muscle tissue

What is a cardiac muscle

is a structurally and functionally unique subtype of muscle tissue located in the heart, that actually has characteristics from both skeletal and muscle tissues

It is capable of strong, continuous, and rhythmic contractions that are automatically generated.

Cardiac muscle tissue

what are the 5 characterization of cardiac muscle

-cross-striations - intercalated discs - uni-nucleate cells - automaticity -Composed of the same contractile proteins as skeletal muscle

muscle that is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach

smooth muscle

These are involved in many 'housekeeping' functions of the body.

smooth muscles

The ___________ of your intestines contract to push food through your body.

muscular walls

4 characterization of smooth muscles

-Spindle shaped cells -Uni-nucleate cells -Involuntary control -Found in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands

What are the 2 major ANATOMICAL subdivisions

central and peripheral nervous system

What is the central nervous composed of

brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings

These are all the nervous tissue outside the CNS

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

bundles of axons in connective tissue; emerge from the CNS; carry signals

nerves

What is ganglia

knotlike swellings in nerves

Functional division of PNS that carry signals to the CNS

Sensory (Afferent) divisions

Sensory division is composed of

somatic division visceral sensory division

2 divisions of Motor (Efferent) division

somatic motor division visceral motor division (also called ANS)

2 divisions of visceral motor division

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Function of neurons

generate and transmits messages (as chemical & electrical signals) to different parts of the body

What are the parts of neurons and its function

Cell-body - contains nucleus and organelles Dendrites- receives input Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body Axon terminal - releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

What is the purpose of myelin sheath in axons

covers the length of the axon and increases the speed of electrical signal

These are chemicals (proteins) made in the cell body but released from the axon terminals that stimulate other neurons

Neurotransmitter

What are the 4 types of Neuroglial cells (CNS)

Astrocytes (star-shaped) Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia

Neuroglial cells that contribute to blood-brain barrier and regulate composition of brain tissue fluid

Astrocytes (star-shaped)

Neuroglial cell that forms myelin sheaths in CNS; distinguish these from Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

Cell that line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; produce CSF

ependymal cells ( epithelial cells)

formed from monocytes; engulf invading microbes in areas of infection, trauma or stroke

microglia