MODULE 1: PERSPECTIVE ON HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE Flashcards
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” WHO, 1948.
HEALTH
A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. _____ is a POSITIVE CONCEPT emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.“ WHO, 1986
HEALTH
active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward a more successful existence
WELLNESS
a state of being
HEALTH
a practical way of achieving health
WELLNESS
main aspects of health
MENTAL
PHYSICAL
SOCIAL WELL BEING
goes a few steps further, emphasizing the mental, physical, social as well as occupational, intellectual and emotional well being
WELLNESS
more related to WESTERN MEDICINE
HEALTH
more related to COMPLEMENTARY and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
WELLNESS
considers mental well being, free from stress or other mental diseases
HEALTH
focuses on MINDFULNESS and mind training as well, in addition to general mental health
WELLNESS
ULTIMATE GOAL that can be achieved if a person is healthy and free from disease
HEALTH
RESULTS in health
WELLNESS
refers to the HEALTH OF THE POPULATION as measured by health status indicators, and as influenced by social, economic and physical environments, personal health practices, individual capacity and coping skills, human biology, early childhood development, health services and gender and culture.
POPULATION HEALTH
is the SCIENCE AND ART OF PREVENTING DISEASE, health surveillance, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society.
PUBLIC HEALTH
is the AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS that a newborn can expect to live in “full health”—in other words, not hampered by disabling illnesses or injuries.
HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY
are often used interchangeably to mean the dynamic, ever-changing process of trying to ACHIEVE ONE’S INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL in each of several interrelated dimensions.
HEALTH AND WELLNESS
DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS
PHYSICAL WELLNESS
EMOTIONAL WELLNESS
ACADEMIC WELLNESS
SOCIAL WELLNESS
OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS
SPIRITUAL WELLNESS
ENVIRONMETNAL WELLNESS
FINANCIAL WELLNESS
INTELLECTUAL WELLNESS
THREE ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONS
FINANCIAL WELLNESS
ACADEMIC WELLNESS
OCCUPATIONAL WELLNESS
includes PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS for disease and illnesses such as the age of the person, their genetics, and the presence of any anatomical structure abnormalities.
BIOPHYSICAL
includes SOCIAL FORCES such as socioeconomic status, and support systems; the cultural aspect of the Socio-cultural Dimension includes things like the beliefs, practices, and values of the client as based on their culture.
SOCIO-CULTURAL
refers to the ABILITY TO HAVE SATISFYING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, to interactions with others, the ability to adapt various social situations and daily behaviors.
SOCIAL HEALTH
includes the client’s ABILITY TO ADPAT WITH AND COPE WITH CHANGES, including those related to illness and disease, the client’s level of cognition, and their willingness and motivation to participate in health and wellness activities, for example.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
refers to the FEELING COMPONENT; to EXPRESS EMOTIONS when appropriate and to control expressing emotions either when it is inappropriate to do so or in an appropriate manner. Feelings of self-esteem, self-confidence, self-efficacy, trust, love and many other emotional reactions and responses are all part of emotional health.
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
includes the client’s CHOICES IN TERMS OF THEIR BEHAVIORS AND LIFE STYLE choices. For example, a good exercise regimen, adequate nutrition and the avoidance of harmful substances are examples of some of the components of the behavioral dimension of health and wellness.
BEHAVIORAL
includes FACTORS AND FORCES IN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT that positively or negatively impact on clients’ health. For example, clean air and clean drinking water in the environment facilitate health; and air pollution and contaminated drinking water negatively impact on the health of those who are exposed to it in the environment.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
refers to APPRECIATION OF NATURE AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT and the role individuals play in preserving, protecting and improving environmental conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
includes the clients’ AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY, AND AFFORDABILITY OF HEALTH CARE and health-related resources and services that meet their health related needs.
HEALTH SYSTEMS
To achieve ______, a person MUST BE HEALTHY IN NINE INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS: physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, environmental, occupational, financial, and cultural.
OVERALL WELLNESS
refers to the ability to UNDERSTAND AND EXPRESS ONE’S PURPOSE IN LIFE; to feel a part of a greater spectrum of existence; to experience love, joy, pain, sorrow, peace, contentment and wonder over life’s experiences; and to care about and respect all living things. This dimension reflects the clients CONNECTEDNESS TO THEIR GOD/or their higher power.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
reflects the client’s LEVEL OF COGNITION and their ABILITIES TO SOLVE HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS, including an adequate level of health literacy in order for the client to understand, and consent to, procedures, alternatives, and treatments relating to their health care concerns.
INTELLECTUAL HEALTH
includes the client’s ability to BALANCE THEIR WORK LIFE with their personal and social lives and associated roles and responsibilities.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
describes the state of a person’s personal FINANCIAL SITUATION. Its dimensions include savings, retirement planning, and the income spent on fixed or non-discretionary expenses. Those who are financially well are fully aware of their current financial state. They set long-and short-term goals regarding finances that will allow them to reach their personal goals and achieve self-defined financial success.
FINANCIAL HEALTH
encompasses all things school, time, and graduation. It includes satisfaction in your program, performance in classes, relationships with instructors, and progress toward graduation. _____ can GIVE YOU A SENSE OF DRIVE AND PURPOSE.
ACADEMIC WELLNESS
health is ____
DYNAMIC
refer to the OBJECTIVITY OF DISEASE (measurable or what health provider can observe)
SIGNS
refer to the SUBJECTIVITY OF THE DISEASE (something felt by patient).
SYMPOTMS
MODELS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL
SOCIAL
BIOPHYCHOSOCIAL
SALUTOGENIC
HEALTH EDUCATION
focuses on the PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DISEASAES. A medical model of care attended by doctors or other health professionals in association with diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.
BIOMEDICAL
attempts to address the BOARDER INFLUENCES ON HEALTH (social, cultural, environmental, or economic factors) rather than disease and injury. A COMMUNITY APPROACH focusing more on policies, education and health promotion.
SOCIAL
It views health as a SCIENTIFIC CONSTRUCT and a SOCIAL PHENOMENON. It pays “explicit attention to humanness” (Engel, 1997). It views health and illness behaviors as PRODUCTS OF BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS (such as genes), behavioral factors (such as lifestyle, stress, and health beliefs), and social conditions (such as cultural influences, family relationships, and social support). Developing treatment protocols to increase adherence to medical treatments, weight loss programs, smoking cessation are just few to mention possible activities of health psychologists in collaboration with other health professionals. Hence, research often focuses on prevention and intervention programs designed to promote healthier lifestyles (e.g., exercise and nutrition programs).
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
According to Engel (1997), biopsychosocial model pays ________
explicit attention to humanness
biopsychosocial model views health and illness behaviors as products of _____
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS, SOCIAL CONDITIONS
BEHAVIROAL FACTORS
LIFESTYLE
STRESS
HEALTH BELIEFS
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIAL SUPPORT
It focuses onHOW AND WHY PEOPLE STAY WELL. Antonovsky (1987) describes the substantive structure of the sense of coherence as comprising three components: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. It rejects the current tendency to hold individuals responsible for the fate of their health. It recognizes that optimal functioning requires social stability, rewarding occupations and freedom from anxiety, stress and persecution. The ___?__ model stresses health as a balance: ‘an ecological process, within and without the individual’ (Fulder, 1998).
SALUTOGENIC
Antonovsky (1987) describes the substantive structure of the sense of coherence as comprising three components: _______, _____ and ______
COMPREHENSIBILITY
MANAGEABILITY
MEANINGFULNESS
According to Fulder (1998), The salutogenic model stresses health as a ____: ‘an ecological process, within and without the individual’
BALANCE
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES OF HEALTH EDUCATION MODEL
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
SELF-EMPOWERMENT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
a category of health education model that PREVENTIVE APPROACH and FOCUSES ON LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS that impact on health.
BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
a category of health education model that is also known as the self-actualization model and it SEEKS TO DEVELOP the individual’s ability to CONTROL THEIR OWN HEALTH STATUS as far as possible within their environment.
SELF-EMPOWERMENT
SELF-EMPOWERMENT MODEL is also known as
SELF-ACTUALIZATION MODEL
a category of health education model that is a SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH that takes account of the INTERRELATIONSHIP between the INDIVIDUAL and the ENVIRONMENT. It is based on the view that health is determined largely by factors that operate outside the control of individuals.
COLLECTIVE ACION
provided much of the impetus for the change to using a socio-ecological approach for health education and health promotion. This charter recognized that major health gains were linked not so much to advances in medical knowledge as to increases in wages and living standards and to public health initiatives accompanied by policy changes at government and community levels.
OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Ottawa Charter identifies nine broad prerequisites for health:
PEACE
EDUCATION
FOOD
SHELTER
INCOME
STABLE ECOSYSTEM
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES
SOCIAL JUSTICE
EQUITY
Ottawa Charter determined that five key strategies were needed to enhance public health:
- CREATION OF SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
- DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL SKILLS
- STRENGTHENING OF COMMUNITY ACTION
BUILDING OF HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICIES
REORIENTATION OF HEALTH SERVICES
advocates “a socio-ecological approach to improve health in which people and their environments are considered to be inextricably linked.”
OTTAWA CHARTER
recognizes that health issues have MULTI-FACTUAL CAUSES and impacts. Here the focus of the health problem can be attended to individually, as a group, within an organization or on a community or societal level.
REFLECTIVE-ANALYTICAL CONTEXT MODEL
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CONTACT
AIR BORNE
DROPLET
VECTOR
VEHICULAR
3 RISKS
EXPOSURE
HAZARD
VULNERABILITIES
no. of doses BCG
1
no. of doses DPT
3
no. of doses OPV
3
no. of doses HEPA B
3
no. of doses MEASLES
1
schedule of vaccines
BCG
AT BIRTH
schedule of vaccines
DPT
6 WEEKS
schedule of vaccines
OPV
6 WEEKS
schedule of vaccines
HEPA B
AT BIRTH
MEASLES
9 MOS
4PS of Public health
PROLONGING LIFE
PROMOTING HEALTH
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
PREVENTION OF DISEASE
