M3: Choices for Change: A Healthy Decision

Question 1

who said that “habit is habit, not to be flung out the window by anyone, but coaxed downstairs a step at a time.”

Answer 1

Mark Twain

Question 2

who said: “Our character is basically a composite of our habits. Because they are consistent, often unconscious patterns, they constantly, daily express our character,”

Answer 2

Stephen Covey

Question 3

who said that “Excellence is an art won by training and habituation.”

Answer 3

ARISTOTLE

Question 4

DECIDE MODEL

Answer 4

Decide in advance what the problem is
Explore the alternatives
Consider the consequences
Identify your values
Decide and take action
Evaluate the consequences

Question 5

HELP

Answer 5

Healthful
Ethical
Legal
Parent Approval

Question 6

are OBSERVABLE and ACTIVE INTERVENTION components aiming to regulate behavior

Answer 6

BEHAVIOR CHANGE TECHNIQUES

Question 7

developing new behaviors is SMALL GRADUAL STEPS

Answer 7

SHAPING

Question 8

practicing through MENTAL IMAGERY to produce better performance of an event in actual setting

Answer 8

IMAGINED REHEARSAL

Question 9

learning specific behaviors by CAREFUL OBSERVATION of other’s action

Answer 9

MODELING

Question 10

attempt to influence a behavior by using situations and occasions that are structured to EXERT CONTROL over that behavior

Answer 10

SITUATIONAL INDUCEMENT

Question 11

presenting SOMETHING POSITIVE AS A REWARD for behaviors reinforced

Answer 11

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 12

THINKING AND TALKING TO YOURSELF through these cognitive procedures - rational-emotive therapy; stress inoculation (Meichenbaum’s Self-instructional methods); blocking/thought stopping

Answer 12

CHANGING SELF-TALK

Question 13

What makes every person unique?

Answer 13

COMPLEXITY OF YOUR VERY PERSONALITY

Question 14

is believed to be a MAJOR DETERMINANT of good health

Answer 14

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

Question 15

the SUM of the positive and negative
INFLUENCES on a person’s health and wellbeing

Answer 15

HEALTH STATUS

Question 16

Factors Influencing Behavior Change Decisions

Answer 16

PREDISPOSING FACTORS
ENABLING FACTORS
REINFORCING FACTORS

Question 17

Life experiences, knowledge,
attitudes, cultural and ethnic inheritance, and current beliefs and values, personal preferences, existing skills,
and self-efficacy are all predisposing factors. Factors
that may predispose us to certain conditions include our age, sex, race, income, family background, educational
background and access to health care.

Answer 17

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Question 18

Skills or abilities; physical, emotional and mental capabilities; and resources and accessible facilities that make health decisions more convenient or difficult are enabling factors. Positive
enablers encourage you to carry through on your intentions. Negative enablers work against your intentions to change

Answer 18

ENABLING FACTORS

Question 19

Factors that reward or reinforce the desired behavior change include social support, economic rewards and changing social norms.

Answer 19

REINFORCING FACTORS

Question 20

an APPRAISAL of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object,
action or idea.

Answer 20

BELIEF

Question 21

a RELATIVELY STABLE SET OF BELIEFS, feelings and
behavior tendencies in relating to something or someone.

Answer 21

ATTITUDE

Question 22

a judgment made on the ‘ATTITUDE OBJECT’ (a person, place, task, event, skill, etc.).

Answer 22

ATTITUDE

Question 22

Attitudes have been described as _____ that represent a person’s LIKE OR DISLIKE FOR ANYTHING

Answer 22

HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTS

Question 23

these can range from positve, negative or neutral

Answer 23

JUDGEMENTS

Question 24

arise out of CORE VALUES AND BELIEFS we hold internally

Answer 24

ATTITUDES

Question 25

are ASSUMPTIONS AND CONVICTIONS we hold to be true based
on past experiences.

Answer 25

BELIEFS

Question 26

are WORTHY IDEAS based on things, concepts and people

Answer 26

VALUES

Question 27

are how these INTERNALIZED SYSTEMS (attitudes, beliefs and values) are
expressed.

Answer 27

BEHAVIORS

Question 28

defined as those PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions and other cognitive elements; personality characteristics, including affective and emotional states
and traits; and overt behavior patterns, actions and habits that relate to health maintenance, to health
restoration, and health improvement (Gochman, 1982).

Answer 28

HEALTH BEHAVIOR

Question 29

A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL engages in ______ when
he or she engages in any activity for the purpose of PREVENTING OR DETECTING ILLNESS in an asymptomatic
state

Answer 29

PREVENTIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOR

Question 30

An ILL INDIVIDUAL engages in _______ when he or she engages in activity to first define the state of
health and then to DISCOVER A SUITABLE REMEDY.

Answer 30

ILLNESS BEHAVIOR

Question 31

Ill individuals also engage in _____ when they engage in activities for thePURPOSE OF GETTING WELL.

Answer 31

SICK-ROLE BEHAVIOR

Question 32

affect health
relate to starvation, lack of access to water, inadequate food intake, exposure to infectious diseases, intoxication from an unhealthy environment, and
smoking, inadequate treatment by health services, accidents and violence.

Answer 32

IMMEDIATE FACTORS

Question 33

lack of food security, lack of safe water, unsafe working conditions and the way the health services are
organized in terms of their accessibility, adequacy and quality.

Answer 33

BASIC FACTORS

Question 34

those MAJOR CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES such as the following: the shape of the economy, environment, and agriculture, and
employment, fairness of wages, human rights, gender issues, and education.

Answer 34

UNDERLYING CAUSES

Question 35

the degree to which
individuals have the capacity to OBTAIN, PROCESS, AND UNDERSTAND basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

Answer 35

HEALTH LITERACY

Question 36

requires a complex group of reading, listening, analytical, and decision-making skills, and the ability to apply these skills to health situations.

Answer 36

HEALTH LITERACY

Question 37

a MAJOR DETERMINANT OF GOOD HEALTH, but heredity, access to health care, and the environment can also influence health status.

Answer 37

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

Question 38

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Answer 38

I. ROSENSTOCK

Question 39

are the SETTING EVENTS FOR A BEHAVIOR; they cue or stimulate a person to act in certain ways.

Answer 39

ANTECEDENTS

Question 40

the RESULTS OF BEHAVIOR – affect
whether a person will repeat a behavior.

Answer 40

CONSEQUENCES