M2 Flashcards
are numbers that SUMMARIZE INFORMATION RELATED TO HEALTH. Researchers and experts from government, private, and non-profit agencies and organizations collect health statistics. They use the statistics to learn about public health and health care. (Medline Plus)
HEATLH STATISTICS
is a MEASURABLE CHARACTERISTIC that describes the following:
☆the health of population (e.g., life expectancy, mortality, disease prevalence or incidence);
☆determinants of health (health behaviors, risk factors);
☆health care access, cost, quality and use.
HEALTH INDICATOR
It may be defined for a specific population, place, political jurisdiction, or geographic area. Each indicator can still be differentiated into four domains namely: health status, risk factors service coverage and health systems.
HEALTH INDICATOR
mortality by age, sex and cause, core morbidity and fertility indicators
HEALTH STTAUS INDICATORS
nutrition, environmental, behavioral, injuries and violence
RISK FACTORS
reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent, immunization, HIV, TB, malaria, NTDs, NCDs, mental health and substance abuse
SERVICE COVERAGE
health facility density and distribution, health workforce, health information, and quality and safety of care, health security capacity
HEALTH SYSTEMS
Information that is QUANTIFIABLE and is REPORTED AS NUMBER;
has value and many uses, but cannot be compared
METRIC
PUT METRICS INTO SOME KINF OF CONTEXT, usually using a ratio (per X) and designed to ensure comparability (e.g., being risk-adjusted or
standardized). Directionality may or may not exist
HEALTH INDICATOR
A health indicator that has a DESIRED DIRECTION (e.g., lower is better)
HEALTH PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
surveillance came from the french words
sur - meaning over
veiller - to watch
is the “CLOSE AND CONTINUOUS OBSERVATION of one or more persons for the purpose of direction, supervision, or control” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
SURVEILLANCE
In his classic 1963 paper, _____ applied surveillance for a disease to mean “the CONTINUED WATCHFULNESS over the distribution and trends of incidence [of a disease] through the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data.”
ALEXANDER LANGMUIR
involves the measurement of health outcomes, including the occurrence of adverse clinical events, degree of therapeutic response achieved, and success in preventing or reducing morbidity and mortality.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
are the NUMBER OF CASES OF A DISEASE or other health phenomenon under study.
COUNTS
is the expression of the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ITEMS. These items may be either related to or independent of each other. Mathematically, a ___ is expressed as X:Y.
RATIO
is the expression of the RELATIONSHIP OF ONE PART TO THE WHOLE. A ______ is expressed as percent. Mathematically, a proportion is expressed as: x/y X k.
PROPORTION
is the expression of the PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE of a particular event in a defined population during a specified period of time.
RATE
ELEMENTS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
SERVICE DELIVERY
HEALTH WORKFORCE
VACCINES, MEDICINES, TECHNOLOGY
FINANCING
INFORMATION SYSTEM
LEADERSHIP / GOVERNANCE
VARIABLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
PERSON
PLACE
TIME
ORS
ORAL REHYDRATION SALT
Rates can be expressed in three forms:
- crude rate
- adjusted rate
- specific rate
is used when the true denominator or population at risk CANNOT BE DETERMINED.
INDEX
A related denominator is used as a measure of the population at risk. An index is then a _____.
PSEUDORATE
measure the rate of BIRTH
NATALITY RATE
measure the rate of ILLNESS
MORBIDITY RATE
a measure of the rate at which HEALTHY PEOPLE DEVELOP A DISEASE during a specific time period
INCIDENCE RATE
refers to a SPECIFIC TIME
POINT PREVALENCE
refers to a GIVEN TIME INTERVAL
PERIOD PREVALENCE
It is an incidence rate that is CALCULATED IN AN EPIDEMIC SITUATION using a particular population observed for a limited period of time.
ATTACK RATE
measure the rate of DEATH
MORTALITY RATE
It predicts the RISK OF DYING if the disease is contracted
CASE-FATALITY RATE
It measures YEARS OF HEALTHY LIFE LOST due to living in states of less than full health
YEAR OF LIFE WITH DISABILITY
It represents the total number of YEARS LOST TO ILLNESS, disability, or premature death within a given population. It allows for comparison of impact of a program and/or diseases across population.
DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR
Gives us an idea of how many EXTRA MONTHS OR YEARS of life of reasonable quality a person MIGHT GAIN as RESULT OF TREATMENT.
QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS
quantitative measure of PREMATURE MORTALITY. It reflects the mortality trends of younger age-groups by taking into account not only the cause of death but also the age at which it occurs.
YEARS OF POTENTIAL LIFE LOST
higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the
greater the differences in health.
INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS
low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence.
EDUCATION
safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health. Employment and working conditions – people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health.
SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWROKS
customs and traditions, and the
beliefs of the family and community all affect health.
CULTURE
inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Personal behavior and coping skills – balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health.
GENETICS
access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health
HEALTH SERVICES
Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.
GENDER
PROCEDURES FOR HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
- SCREENING
- SCOPING
- ASSESSMENT
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REPORTING
- MONITORING AND EVALUATION
SYSTEMATIC PROCESSES that USES AN ARRAY OF DATA` sources and analytic methods and considers input from stakeholders to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population and the
distribution of the effects within the population. This provides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects.
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
HIA is derived from two sources:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND HEALTH PROMOTION
data measured on NUMERICAL SCALE
QUANTITATIVE METRIC
effectiveness & efficiency of OPERATION ACTIVITY
PERFORMANCE
SUCCESSFUL ACCOMPLISHMENTS of activity
ACHIEVEMENT
RESPONSIBILITY for the performance and achievement
ACCOUNTABILITY
NOH
NATIONAL OBJECTIVE FOR HEALTH
study of USES & DRUG EFFECTS in a defined population
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
PHARMAKON
DRUG
EPI
UPON / AMONG
DEMOS
PEOPLE / DISTRICT
LOGOS
STUDY
SABA
SHORT ACTING BETA AGONIST
LABA
LONG ACTING BETA AGONIST
HIA CHARACTERISTIC
PROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT
SDG DIMENSIONS
SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT
PUBLIC HEALTH:
ASSURANCE
ASSESSMENT
POLICY DEVELOPMENT
